Lecture 3: Pelvic limb Flashcards
1
Q
T/F Unlike the thoracic limb, the pelvic limb has a true bony connection to the trunk
A
true
2
Q
The pelvis articulates with the trunk via the ______ joint and with the pelvic limb via the ______ joint
A
sacroiliac, coxal
3
Q
The pelvis is comprised of left and right _______ that are joined at the ventral midline by the pelvic symphysis.
A
os coxae
4
Q
Each os coxae is comprised of three bones
(developmentally, 4 bones)
List them
A
▪ Ilium
▪ Ischium
▪ Pubis
▪ Acetabular bone (developmentally)
5
Q
A
6
Q
point of buttock is the common term for what
A
ischiatic tuberosity
7
Q
what is the croup
A
region between hip bone and into rump/hindquarter
8
Q
identify red, green, blue
A
9
Q
label 1-4
A
10
Q
____________ is located 2/3 of distance
between tuber coxae and tuber ischii (red line)
A
Greater trochanter (caudal part)
11
Q
If any of these are out of conformation, what might it lead to?
- Tuber sacrale
- Tuber coxae
- Tuber ischii
- Greater trochanter
A
lamness
12
Q
A
13
Q
Dog have cord-like sacrotuberous ligament and Greater and lesser ischiatic notches
Horses have?
A
Horse (and other large animal species) has broad sacrosciatic ligament
Greater and lesser sciatic foramina
14
Q
Horse (and other large animal species) has broad sacrosciatic ligament which attach to
A
ischiatic spine
15
Q
what are the borders of Pelvic Inlet:
A
Ventral border: Pecten pubis, or pubic
brim
Lateral border: Arcuate line
Dorsal border: Sacral promontory and
wing of sacrum
16
Q
the cranial-most rim of the pelvis located between the (dorsal) pubic tubercle and iliopubic eminence
A
Pecten pubis, or pubic brim
17
Q
the ridge extending between the iliopubic eminence and the auricular surface of the ilium. A tuberosity for the insertion of the psoas minor muscle is located midway along this line.
A
Arcuate line
18
Q
A
19
Q
what muscle inserts at the Psoas
tuberosity
A
psoas minor
20
Q
Bones of the pelvic limb
A
▪ Femur
▪ Patella
▪ Tibia / Fibula
▪ Tarsal bones
▪ Metatarsal bones
▪ Proximal sesamoids
▪ Phalanges
21
Q
List the Tarsal bones
A
▪ Proximal row: calcaneus, talus
▪ Middle row: central, 4th
▪ Distal row: 1st / 2nd (fused), 3rd, 4
22
Q
list the Metatarsal bones
A
▪ MT III (cannon bone) – Weight-bearing
▪ MT II, MT IV (Splint bones, medial and lateral)
23
Q
list the bones of the phalanges
A
▪ Proximal phalanx (P1, long pastern)
▪ Middle phalanx (P2, short pastern)
▪ Distal phalanx (P3, coffin)
▪ Distal sesamoid bone (navicular)
24
Q
significance of the Proximal sesamoids
A
major structure for suspensory apparatus
25
what bone is this
femur
26
Identify the parts of the equine femur
27
the greater trochanter of the equine femur is divided into
Divided into cranial (Cr) and
caudal (Cd) parts.
28
what is affiliated with the cranial part of the greater trochanter of the femur
There is a subtendinous bursa
(trochanteric bursa) affiliated with
the cranial part.
if the bursa is irritated, it can lead to lameness
29
what part of the femur is this?
what muscle inserts here?
third trochanter; Significant in the equine species
superficial gluteal muscle
30
which tubercle is larger of the trochlea of the femur
that the medial trochlear ridge is larger
than the lateral and bears a pronounced
tubercle (*).
31
The trochlea of the femur is comprised of __________
Comprised of medial and lateral ridges with
a deep depression (trochlear groove)
between them
32
33
resting surface is on what part of femur
trochlear groove
34
In the dog, what muscle originated from the
extensor fossa of the femur and passed through the extensor groove of the tibia?
long digital extensor
35
extensor groove
36
As in the dog, the_______________in the horse originates from the extensor fossa of the femur and passes through the extensor groove of the tibia.
long digital extensor m.
37
In the horse (and other large animal
species) there is an additional muscle,
the ______that also originates at extensor
groove of the tibia.
peroneus (fibularis) tertius
38
what two muscles is this showing
Long digital extensor
Peroneus tertius
39
Origin of superficial digital flexor muscle
supracondylar fossa
40
The roughened cranial border of the supracondylar fossa is the l__________________ (arrow) and is the origin of the lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle
lateral supracondylar tuberosity
41
what is being pointed to
lateral supracondylar tuberosity
Dr.P calls this Supracondylar fossa??
42
origin of the medial head of the gastrocnemius
Medial supracondylar tuberosity (
43
what is the difference between the fibula of a dog and horse
▪ Separate and elongate bone in
the pig, dog/cat, and human.
▪ Reduced in the horse and
ruminant.
44
Fibula of a horse:
T/F The distal extremity is reduced and does
not extend the full length of the crus.
true
45
which one is the fibula or splint bones
fibula= left
splint bone= right
46
how to tell splint bones vs. fibula
splint bone:
- has buttons
- head is bigger/wider
fibula:
-ends at a point
- head it flat
47
Developmentally, the lateral malleolus is
the distal end of the fibula.
In the equine species, the fibula is fused with the tibia and is referenced as the ________
lateral malleolus of the tibia
48
what this area is called and what it articulates with
cochlea; trochlea of the talus
49
identify 1-6
50
calcanean tuber; common calcanean tendon connects
51
how does the tarsus connect to the metatarsus (3)
▪ Fused tarsal bones I & II articulate with MT II & III
▪ Tarsal bone III articulates with MT III
▪ Tarsal bone IV articulates with MT III & IV
52
what is the only weight-bearing digit of an equine pes
digit 3
53
MT III is also called ________
MT II and IV also called ________
MT III (cannon bone)
MT II and IV (medial/lateral splint bones)
54
what are the common names for the Proximal phalanx, Middle phalanx ,Distal phalanx
Proximal phalanx (P1, long pastern)
Middle phalanx (P2, short pastern)
Distal phalanx (P3, coffin)
55
what are the sesamoid bones in an equine pes (2)
▪ Proximal, paired (at metatarsophalangeal jt.)
▪ Distal (at distal interphalangeal jt.)
56
identify the palpable landmarks
57
list all the joints in the pelvic limb of a horse
▪ Sacroiliac joint
▪ Coxal (hip) joint
▪ Stifle joint
▪ Tarsocrural (tibiotarsal) joint
▪ Tarsal joints
▪ Digital joints
58
what joints make up the stifle joint
▪ Femorotibial joint
▪ Femoropatellar joint
▪ Proximal tibiofibular joint
59
what joints make up the Tarsal joint
▪ Proximal and distal intertarsal joints
▪ Tarsometatarsal joint
60
what joints make up the Digital joints
▪ Metatarsophalangeal (fetlock) joint
▪ Proximal interphalangeal(pastern) joint
▪ Distal interphalangeal (coffin) joint
61
T/F Sacroiliac joint has articular surfaces
true
wing of the ilium and the sacrum
62
common name for Metatarsophalangeal joint
fetlock
63
common name for proximal interdigital joint
pastern
64
common name for Distal interdigital joint
coffin
65
sacroiliac joint has articulation between (2)
▪ Auricular surface of wing of sacrum
▪ Auricular surface of ilium
66
Excessive strain on the SI joint can lead to ligament tears and ______
dislocation of SI joint (Hunter’s bump)
67
what forms the coxal joint (what articulates together)
Articulation of femoral head with
acetabulum of os coxa (highlighted,
left side)
68
what is the deep depression that receives the head of the femur in formation of the coxal joint
acetabulum
69
what is the acetabulum composed of (what bones form it)
Composed of the ilium, ischium, pubis,
and acetabular bone (developmentally).
▪ Various bony components (of acetabulum)
are not distinguishable in the adult.
70
In life, fibrocartilage extends the rim and
deepens the acetabulum
what is this referred to as
▪ Referred to as the labrum.
71
outer rim of acetabulum
72
The acetabulum is notched (ventrally/laterally)
ventrally
73
what is the acetabulum spanned (in life) by
the transverse acetabular ligament
74
what is the structure highlighted?
what is the structure with the star on it?
▪ LUNATE SURFACE (highlighted) is the articular surface of the acetabulum.
▪ The deep depression, or acetabular fossa*, is non-articular
75
T/F The deep depression, or acetabular fossa*, is non-articular
true
76
Attachment site of ligament of the femoral head
acetabular fossa
77
Equine: two femoral ligaments
provides a high level of stability, securing against _____
luxation
78
Equine: two femoral ligaments
Both ligaments pass deep to the
______________________ ligament and
insert on the ____________ of the head
of the femur
transverse acetabular , fovea capitis
79
T/F Ligament of femoral head, same in all
species
true
80
Ligament of femoral head extends from __________ of femur to acetabular fossa
fovea capitis
81
fovea capitis of femur
82
what is the name of the femoral ligament unique to horses
Accessory ligament (AL)
83
what does the Accessory ligament (AL) detach from
prepubic tendon
84
what is the purpose of the Accessory ligament (AL)
Restricts movement and stabilizes the joint
85
why is there a forward pull on prepubic tendon
Forward pull on prepubic tendon by weight of
abdominal viscera
➢ Coxal joint luxations are very rare!!
86
T/F the accessory ligament somewhat restricts abduction of the limb at the coxal joint, BUT that does not mean a horse cannot side kick
true
87
what is the coxal joint location
About 2/3 the distance between
the tuber coxae and tuber ischii,
slightly cranioventral to caudal
part of greater trochanter.
88
what kind of joint is the stifle joint
Compound joint (articulations between
multiple bones)
89
list the 3 articulations in the stifle joint of a horse
▪ Femorotibial articulation
▪ Femoropatellar articulation
▪ Proximal tibiofibular articulation
90
T/F In the stifle joint of a horse, bony articular surfaces are incongruent and unstable
If so, why?
true; Rounded femoral condyles + flat tibial condyles = not congruent
91
92
what are accessory structures (like collateral ligaments, cruciate etc.) required for in the stifle joint
congruency and stability
93
T/F Collateral, cruciate, and meniscal
ligaments are the same in all domestic
species, except there is no transverse
ligament in large animals.
true
94
identify 1 and 2
1. patellar ligaments
2. tendon of poplitues m.
95
what does the menisci aid with
shock absorption and stability
96
In the horse (and ox), the patella is
attached to the tibial tuberosity by three
patellar ligaments:
▪ Medial (M) (MEDIAL IS BIGGER)
▪ Intermediate, or middle (I)
▪ Lateral (L)
97
There is a _______________ interposed between the medial patellar ligament and patella
parapatellar fibrocartilage
98
what is the purpose of the parapatellar fibrocartilage
▪ Important for patellar locking mechanism
99
parapatellar fibrocartilage
100
The medial (A) and intermediate (B) patellar ligaments, along with the patella and parapatellar fibrocartilage (C), form a loop around the ____________
medial trochlear ridge of the femur (D).
101
The medial (A) and intermediate (B) patellar ligaments
parapatellar fibrocartilage (C)
medial trochlear ridge of the
femur (D)
102
what is the purpose of the medial (A) and intermediate (B) patellar ligaments, patella and parapatellar fibrocartilage (C), and medial trochlear ridge of the femur (D)
These structures aid in the “locking” of the patella on the resting surface of the tubercle of the medial trochlear ridge of the femur.
103
The femorotibial joint has two synovial
compartments:
➢ Medial
➢ Lateral
104
The femoropatellar joint has a large, undivided ___________
synovial compartment
105
what is labeled blue? pink? green?
blue: femoropatellar joint
pink: Lateral synovial compartment
green: Medial synovial compartment
106
Does Femoropatella synovial compartment communicate with Medial femorotibial synovial compartment?
usually they communicate (meaning they share fluid)
107
Does Femoropatella synovial compartment communicate with lateral femorotibial synovial compartment?
sometimes they communicate (25%)
108
Does the Medial femorotibial synovial compartment communicate with the Lateral femorotibial synovial compartment ?
NO
109
There is a large ______ located between the joint capsule of the femoropatellar joint and the patellar ligaments
fat pad
110
The patellar fat pad bulges _____ between the patellar ligaments
cranially
(frequently not present in disscetions)
111
The tibial tuberosity (1) can be used
as a landmark for locating the patellar
ligaments (2) and patella (3).
112
T/F The stifle is hard to visualize on a live
horse
true
(▪ Locate the tibial tuberosity proximocranial to the bulge of crural muscles and work proximally)
note: the location of the patella
to the fold of the flank
113
A: Tibotarsal (tarsocrural) joint (A, peach line)
B: Proximal intertarsal joint (B, purple line)
C: Distal intertarsal joint (C, green line
D: Tarsometatarsal joint (D, brown line)
114
what joint of the tarsal joints has the greatest movement
▪ Tibotarsal (tarsocrural) joint
115
what joint is between cochlea of the tibia and trochlea of the talus
Tibotarsal (tarsocrural) joint
116
what joint is between talus & calcaneus and central & 4th tarsal bones
▪ Little to no movement
Proximal intertarsal joint
117
what joint is between central and fused 1st/2nd & 3rd tarsal bones
▪ Little to no movement
Distal intertarsal joint
118
what joint is between tarsus and metatarsus
▪ Little to no movement
Tarsometatarsal joint
119
what is the yellow representing around the tarsal joints
Common outer fibrous joint capsule with
the synovial membrane attached around
the articular margins of each component
joint.
120
Does the Tarsocrural jt. and the Proximal intertarsal jt. communicate
Always; communicate freely
121
Does the Proximal intertarsal jt. and Distal intertarsal jt. communicate
Never; rarely communicate
122
does the Distal intertarsal jt. and Tarsometatarsal jt. communicate
sometimes; about 40% of the time
123
what joints make up the digit of a horse
124
list the components of suspensory apparatus
Proximal sesamoid bones
▪ Intersesamoidean ligament (scutum)
▪ Distal sesamoidean ligaments (x3)
125
what joint is located within the hoof capsule “coffin”
▪ Distal interphalangeal (coffin) joint
126
Distal sesamoid bone is also called? where is it located
navicular bone, Distal interphalangeal (coffin) joint
