Lecture 47/48 : Avian comparative anatomy (part 1)

Question 1

list some birds in the Order: Galliformes

Answer 1

chickens, pheasants, & turkeys

Question 2

list some birds in the Order: Anseriformes

Answer 2

Ducks, geese, & swans (waterfowl)

Question 3

list some birds in the Order: Psittiformes

Answer 3

Cockatoo, conure, macaw, & parrots

Question 4

list some birds in the Orders: Falconiformes

Answer 4

Eagle, falcon, hawk

Question 5

list some birds in the Order: Passeriformes

Answer 5

Songbirds; canary, finch, crow, raven, warblers

Question 6

what animal is in the Cathartiformes order

Answer 6

vultures, condors

Question 7

what is Bird Flock Medicine

Answer 7

taking care of poultry mass production farms

e.g. chickens, ducks, turkeys

Question 8

what is involved in Individual Bird Medicine

Answer 8

pet birds, zoological collections, psittacines,
passerines, falconry

Question 9

list the feather types

Answer 9

Flight
thermoregulation
protection
sexually dimorphic
symmetrical vs. asymetrical vane

Question 10

identify the types of feathers

Answer 10

Question 11

Purpose of contour feathers

Answer 11

main feathers that cover the body

Question 12

what feathers are under the contour feathers that help with thermoregulation

Answer 12

Downy feathers

Question 13

List the microanatomy of a feather

Answer 13

*barb
*barbules
*hooklets

Question 14

what is preening

Answer 14

grooming or combing the feather components

realigning barbs/barbules to hook in place

Question 15

Answer 15

Question 16

what is the arrow pointing to

Answer 16

hooklet

Question 17

Primary feather is attached to _____

Answer 17

the manus

Question 18

Secondary featherrs are attached to the _______

Answer 18

antebrachium & brachium

Question 19

what is the Alula

Answer 19

“thumb”; prevents stalling in flight and allows them to have lift

Question 20

Answer 20

Question 21

Answer 21

Question 22

Multiple sites of bony reduction &
fusion:

skull has how many fused sites?

Answer 22

multiple fused sites

Question 23

Multiple sites of bony reduction &
fusion:
notarium

Answer 23

fused thoracic vertebrae

Question 24

Multiple sites of bony reduction &
fusion: synsacrum

Answer 24

fused os coxae & sacral vertebrae

Question 25

Multiple sites of bony reduction & fusion: manus

Answer 25

Reduced ## of digits & fused bony components

Question 26

Multiple sites of bony reduction & fusion: carpometacarpus

Answer 26

fused carpal bones & metacarpal bones metacarpals 2,3,4 are fused, 1= alula

Question 27

Multiple sites of bony reduction & fusion: tarsometatarsus

Answer 27

fused tarsal bones & metatarsal bones

Question 28

Multiple sites of bony reduction & fusion: Pygostyle

Answer 28

fused caudal vertebrae

Question 29

Answer 29

pygostyle

Question 30

how many occipital condyles so birds/reptiles have? why is this important?

Answer 30

single occipital condyle, allows for more movement of head (~270 degrees)

Question 31

list the bones that make up the beak

Answer 31

*dorsal beak – rhinotheca *ventral beak – gnathotheca *quadrate bone *palatine bone

Question 32

what does "kinetic beak" mean

Answer 32

dorsal & ventral aspects of beak both move

Question 33

Answer 33

quadrate bone

Question 34

do modern birds have teeth

Answer 34

no, purpose of their beak

Question 35

explain what the rhinotheca vs. gnathotheca is

Answer 35

dorsal beak – rhinotheca ventral beak – gnathotheca

Question 36

what boney prominence is the arrow pointing to that allows the owl to turn its head about 270 degrees

Answer 36

single occipital condyle

Question 37

how many ear bones does a bird have **exam**

Answer 37

Single middle ear ossicle = **stapes**

Question 38

Thoracic limb adaptations: manus

Answer 38

reduced # of digits, fusion of digital bones digits 2 and 3 are combined

Question 39

what 3 bones are involved triosseal canal

Answer 39

coracoid, furcula, & scapula

Question 40

what does furcula mean

Answer 40

Fused clavicles in avian species (wishbone, but dont put wishbone on the exam)

Question 41

Tendon of _____________ muscle passes through this triosseal cana

Answer 41

supracoracoideus

Question 42

Tendon of supracoracoideus muscle passes through this triosseal canal function:

Answer 42

“upstroke muscle” of wing

Question 43

action of the Pectoralis muscle ON EXAM

Answer 43

Contraction of muscle results in “downstroke” of wing

Question 44

what are the attachments of the Pectoralis muscle

Answer 44

proximal humerus to lateral perimeter of keel of sternum

Question 45

Supracoracoideus muscle function ON EXAM

Answer 45

contraction of muscle results in “upstroke” of wing

Question 46

what are the attachments of the Supracoracoideus muscle

Answer 46

Attachments: proximal humerus to lateral & central region of keel of sternum *proximal tendon passes through the triosseal cana

Question 47

Answer 47

Question 48

Answer 48

1. breast meat (flight muscle) 2. abdominal muscle

Question 49

Answer 49

Question 50

Multiple species of birds possess claws on the carpal region of their wings, including

Answer 50

hoatzin & chickens

Question 51

Answer 51

Young chicken w/ claw adaptation associated w/ alulu

Question 52

Answer 52

Question 53

In Avian species, aortic arch becomes neonatal aorta, which arches towards which side of the body

Answer 53

the right side of the body!!!

Question 54

which one is the bird?mammal?

Answer 54

Question 55

T/F birds have 4 chambers, similar blood flow pattern to mammals

Answer 55

true

Question 56

aortic arch passes to the (right or left) side in a bird

Answer 56

RIGHT

Question 57

what is the HR of a bird

Answer 57

*high heart rates: 300 to 600 bpm, in passerine species *higher heart rates: > = 800 bpm, in hummingbirds