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Intro to Psych > EXAM 3 - Psych > Flashcards

EXAM 3 - Psych Flashcards

(56 cards)

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1
Q

Drive Theory

A

Deviations from homeostasis create a physiological need
-Sate of tension

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2
Q

Drive Reduction

A

State of relief
Goal : Homeostasis

EX: low fluid = need – thirsty = drive

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3
Q

Insentive Theories

A

Insentives (rewards) pull behavior in a particular direction

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4
Q

Intrinsic Rewards

A

Internal
Makes you feel happy / accomplished / proud

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5
Q

Extrinsic Rewards

A

External
Verbal validation, money, job

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6
Q

Physiological Mechanisms

Regulation of Eating

A

-Stomach distension
-CCK hormone
-Blood glucose / insulin levels
-metabolic rate –> how much energy a person uses
-Leptin hormone –> low fat = low leptin = more eating

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7
Q

Brain Mechanisms

Regulation of eating

A

Hypothalamus –> Regulates eating

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8
Q

Anorexia Nervosa

A

Severe restricted food intake / refusal to maintain healthy weight

Intense FEAR of gaining weight

Distorted body image

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9
Q

Bulimia Nervosa

A

Cycles of binge eating and purging

over exercise

Fear of becoming overweight

Depression and/or anxiety

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10
Q

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

A
  1. Physiological Needs
  2. Safety Needs
    basic needs
  3. Belongingness and Love Needs
  4. Esteem Needs
    psychological needs
  5. Self-actualization
    Self-fufillment needs
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11
Q

Elements of Emotion

A
  1. Stimulus
    Experience
  2. Behavior
    verbal / non-verbal
  3. Cognitive appraisal
    How we’ll be impacted by situation
    Label emotion

*exact order is not clear

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12
Q

Yerkes-Dodson Law

A

A simple task if performed best when arousal levels are relatively high and complex tasks, better when levels are low

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13
Q

Principles of Happiness:

Adaptation - Levels principle

A

-Happiness is relative to our prior experience

EX: You’re not happy w B’s anymore
EX: New phone –> you want something better

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14
Q

Principles of Happiness

Relative Deprivation Principle

A

-Happiness is relative to other’s attainments

EX: comparing salaries

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15
Q

James - Lange Theory

A

Stimulus –> Behavior –>Emotion

Snake –> Sweating, Heart –> Fear

Sympathetic nervous system would initiate physiological arousal first

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16
Q

Cannon - Board Theory

A

Stimulus –> Behavior +Emotion

Snake –> Sweating + Fear

Fear and fight or flight response happen at SAME TIME

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17
Q

Schachter - Signer Two-Factor Theory

A

Stimulus–>Behavior+Label–>Emotion

Snake –> Sweating + Scared –> Fear

Physiological arousal is interpreted in context to produce the emotional experience

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18
Q

Dimensional Theory

A

Emotion exist on a continuum

Pleasant <—–> Unpleasant
Low arousal <—–> High arousal

Importance of context

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19
Q

Learning

A

A relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience

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20
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

Pavlov
Process by which we learn to associate stimuli, and anticipate events

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21
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus
UCS

A

A stimuli that elicits a reflexive response in an organism

Meat Powder

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22
Q

Unconditioned Response
UCR

A

A natural (unlearned) reaction to a given stimulus

Dogs salivation

Meat Powder (UCS) = Salivation (UCR)

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23
Q

Neutral Stimulus
NS

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A

Stimulus that does not naturally elicit a response
Presented immediate before a UCS

Sound of bell

Tone (NS) + Powder (UCS) = Salivation (UCR)

24
Q

Conditioned Stimulus
CS

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A

Stimulus that elicits a response after repeatedly being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

25
Conditioned Response CR
Behavior caused by the conditioned stimulus Tone (CS) = Salivation (CR)
26
Classical Conditioning Example
UCS - Chemotherapy drugs UCR - Vomiting NS - Doctors office CS - doctors office CR - vomiting
27
Acquisition
Initial period of learning Organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus
28
Extinction
Decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus
29
Spontaneous Recovery
Return of a previously extinguished conditioned response following a rest period
30
Stimulus Discrimination
Organism learns to respond to differently to various stimuli that are similar EX: cat learned to discriminate between sound of can opener and sound of electric mixer
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Stimulus Generalization
organism demonstrates the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimuli
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Operant conditioning
Organism learn to associate behavior and its consequences More pleasant --> more likely to be repeated Skinner Reinforcement and Punishment
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Reinforcement
Positive Reinforcement : A desirable stimulus is added to increase a behavior Negative Reinforcement: Undesirable stimulus is removed to increase a behavior *most effective way*
34
Punishment
Positive Punishment: Add an undesirable stimulus to decrease a behavior Negative Punishment: Remove unpleasant stimulus to decrease behavior
35
Continuous Reinforcement
When an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior *quickest way to teach a behavior
36
Partial Reinforcement
Organism does not get reinforced every time they perform a desired behavior -Fixed Interval Slow Least productive Easiest to extinguish -Variable Interval -Fixed Ratio -Variable Ratio *high and steady response rate*
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Observational Learning
Bandura Bobo Doll experiment Vicarious Reinforcement: Model was reinforced for their behavior, you will be more motivated to copy them Vicarious Punishment: Model is punished, less likely to be motivated to copy them
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Modal Model of Memory Atkinson and Chiffon
Input ||| Sensory Memory ||| Short term memory --> Output *Rehearsal* ||| ^^^ ||| Long term Memory
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Sensory Memory
Stores A LOT of sensory info. Very SHORT time Visual and Auditory
40
Short-Term Memory
Stores SMALL amount of info, for a SHORT period Capacity: 7+- 2
41
Chunking
Small units can be chunked into larger units -Increases the amount of info we can hold
42
Short term vs Working memory
-Short term storage of information -Working memory manipulation of stored info.
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Components of Working Memory Phonological Loop
Holds VERBAL and AUDITORY info
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Components of Working Memory Visual Sketch Pad
Holds visual and spatial info Visual imagery EX: Ability to go home
45
Components of Working memory Episodic Buffer
-Increases storage capacity -Improves communication w/ long-term memory
46
Components of Working memory Central Executive
-"control center: of working memory -"attention controller"
47
Long-term Memory
-Stores info for long periods of time -Can't get to long term, if short-term is damaged
48
Primacy Effect
Better memory for words at beginning TRANSFERRED to long term More time to recognize
49
Recency Effect
Better memory for words at end Still in short term
50
Types of Long-Term Memory: Explicit / Declarative
Memories we are aware of Facts, events, things, personal experiences Episodic: Memory for personal experiences Semantic: Memory for facts, vocabulary, concepts, etc Case Study: Frederick *Semantic memory worked well*
51
Types of Long-Term Memory: Implicit / Non-declarative
Knowledge that influences our thought and behavior w/o conscious remembering Procedural Memory: Memory to carryout an activity w/o conscious thought
52
Encoding
The process of acquiring information Transferring it to long-term
53
Retrieval
Process of Recovering previously encoded information Transferring from LTM to WM
54
Way you encode affects retrieval: Maintenance Rehearsal
Repeating numbers -Poor memory -Poor retrieval
55
Way you encode affects retrieval: Elaborative Rehearsal
Relate info. to something meaningful -Better memory -Better retrieval
56

Intro to Psych (33 decks)

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