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Intro to Psych > EXAM 4 - PSYCH > Flashcards

EXAM 4 - PSYCH Flashcards

(53 cards)

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1
Q

Functional Fixedness

A

Mental set where you cannot perceive an object used for something other than what it was designed for

EX: Candle problem
EX: Two-string problem

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2
Q

Algorithm

A

Problem solving formula that provides a step-by-step instructions used to achieve desired outcomes

EX: A recipe

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3
Q

Heuristic

A

Mental shortcuts used to solve problems
Not always the best method
Used to make decision quick

EX: Rule of thumb

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4
Q

Availability Heuristic

A

Make a decision based on an example, information, or recent experience

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5
Q

Representative Heuristic

A

Judging an event to be likely based on similarity to another event

EX: Thinking someone wearing a suit and tie is a lawyer

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6
Q

Phonemes

A

Speech sounds
Different languages use different sets

EX: Apple, Ape, CHair

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7
Q

Morphemes

A

Smallest meaningful units
Phonemes combined

EX: CArs, UNhappiNESS

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8
Q

Broca’s area

A

Language production
Left hemisphere
Frontal Lobe

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9
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

Language comprehension
Left Hemisphere
Temporal Lobe

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10
Q

Aphasia

A

Disruption of language caused by a brain related disorder

Wernicke’s Aphasia:
Good quality speech
Impaired comprehension

Broca’s Aphasia:
Impaired quality
Extreme effort to generate speech

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11
Q

IQ

A

Normal Curve
Mean 100
68% = 85-115
95% = 70-130

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12
Q

Spearman G-Intelligence

A

“g” factor
Measured and compared among individuals
De-emphasized what made each unique

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13
Q

Crystallized Intelligence

A

Requires specific, learned knowledge

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14
Q

Fluid Intelligence

A

Think logically without relying on learned knowledge

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15
Q

Emotional Intelligence

A

inter and intrapersonal intelligences
Understand emotions of yourself and others
Empathy
Know how to regulate own emotions and respond appropriately

EX: Autism and Down syndrome

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16
Q

Cross-sectional Research

A

Participants of various ages are compared to determine whether they differ

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17
Q

Longitudinal Research

A

Some participants are studied at several times to determine whether they change

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18
Q

Teratogens

A

Substances that can produce developmental malformations

EX: Alcohol (Fetal Alcohol Syndrome) , Nicotine, Heroin

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19
Q

Reflexes:
Babinski

A

Touch foot –> Toes outward and up

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20
Q

Reflexes:
Moro

A

Loud noise, head falls back = stretch and hug

Purpose: cling to caregiver

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21
Q

Reflexes:
Rooting

A

Touch cheek –> turn head

Purpose: eat

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22
Q

Reflexes:
Grasping / palmar

Study These Flashcards
A

touch palm –> grasp

Purpose: eat

23
Q

Reflexes:
Stepping

Study These Flashcards
A

Foot on flat –> start stepping

24
Q

Perception

Study These Flashcards
A

-Touch

-Taste

-Smell
Show facial expressions

-Hearing
Move in response
Not fully matured
Preference to sounds

-Vision
Least developed

25
Types of Attachment
Secure Attachment: Explores environment Upset by separation Welcomes caregiver back Insecure Attachment: Little distress w separation and ignores caregiver when back OR Very distressed and resist caregiver Harlow Studies: Form attachment not only w the person that meets basic needs
26
Parenting Styles
-Authoritative -Authoritarian -Indulgent -Uninvolved
27
Assimilation
Process by which we interpret new concepts and experiences in terms of current understanding
28
Accommodation
Process by which we modify our understanding when presented with new experiences
29
Piaget's Stages: Sensorimotor stage (0-2yrs)
Explore world with senses Object Permanence
30
Piaget's Stages: Pre-operational Stage (2-6yrs)
Ability to pretend play
31
Piaget's Stages: Concrete Operational Stage (6-12yrs)
Start to learn math arithmetic Conservation
32
Piaget's Stages: Formal Operational Stage (teen yrs)
Abstract reasoning ("if") Ability to consider different possibilities Scientific Reasoning
33
Moral Development: Level 1 Pre-conventional Morality
Punishment and Rewards
34
Moral Development: Level 2 Conventional Morality
Social approval Obeying authority
35
Moral Development: Level 3 Post-conventional Morality
Internal moral principles
36
Attitudes
Opinions and beliefs about people, objects and ides (favorable or unfavorable) Based on experiences Help guide behavior
37
Attitudes Dimensions
-Cognitive Thoughts and beliefs -Emotional Like or Dislike -Behavioral
38
Attitudes Formation
-Classical Conditioning Association w positive or negative -Operant Conditioning Parents teaching attitudes -Observational Learning
39
Dissonance
Psychological discomfort assign from holding two or more inconsistent attitudes, behaviors, or cognitions (thoughts, beliefs, opinions)
40
Attribution
Process by which we infer motives and intentions from behavior Types: Dispositional / Internal: Attributes behavior to personality or abilities Situational / External: Attribute behavior to external
41
Attribution Errors: Fundamental / Correspondence Bias
Overestimate dispositional causes for others EX: More "depends" for me than friend
42
Attribution Errors: Self-serving Bias
Success: Dispositional Failure: Situational
43
Attribution Errors: Just-world Belief
people get what they deserve
44
Conformity
Change in person's behavior to go along with the group, even if he does not agree with the group EX: Asch Effect
45
Obedience
Process by which a person complies with the orders of others whether they agree or not
46
Stanley Milgram Obedience Experiments
-Replications of experiments have shown same rates -Varied with proximity Teacher and Learner: more proximity, less obedience Teacher and Experimenter: Less proximity, less obedience
47
Social Facilitation
Change in performance that occurs when people are in the presence of others Depends on task
48
Social Loafing
Reduction in individual output on tasks where contributions are pooled Each individual efforts are not evaluated, individuals can become less motivated
49
Group Polarization
Exaggeration of original attitudes following a group discussion
50
Groupthink
Groups make more extreme decisions than individuals do
51
Deinidividuation
Situations in which a person may feel a sense of anonymity and therefore a reduction in accountability and sense of self when among others EX: mob or riot-like behaviors
52
Altruism
Act that benefits others with no obvious benefit to the person performing it
53
Bystander Effect
Decreased tendency to help when other people are present Use others as guide for behavior Diffusion of responsibility

Intro to Psych (33 decks)

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