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Intro to Psych > EXAM 4 - PSYCH > Flashcards

EXAM 4 - PSYCH Flashcards

1
Q

Functional Fixedness

A

Mental set where you cannot perceive an object used for something other than what it was designed for

EX: Candle problem
EX: Two-string problem

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2
Q

Algorithm

A

Problem solving formula that provides a step-by-step instructions used to achieve desired outcomes

EX: A recipe

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3
Q

Heuristic

A

Mental shortcuts used to solve problems
Not always the best method
Used to make decision quick

EX: Rule of thumb

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4
Q

Availability Heuristic

A

Make a decision based on an example, information, or recent experience

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5
Q

Representative Heuristic

A

Judging an event to be likely based on similarity to another event

EX: Thinking someone wearing a suit and tie is a lawyer

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6
Q

Phonemes

A

Speech sounds
Different languages use different sets

EX: Apple, Ape, CHair

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7
Q

Morphemes

A

Smallest meaningful units
Phonemes combined

EX: CArs, UNhappiNESS

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8
Q

Broca’s area

A

Language production
Left hemisphere
Frontal Lobe

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9
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

Language comprehension
Left Hemisphere
Temporal Lobe

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10
Q

Aphasia

A

Disruption of language caused by a brain related disorder

Wernicke’s Aphasia:
Good quality speech
Impaired comprehension

Broca’s Aphasia:
Impaired quality
Extreme effort to generate speech

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11
Q

IQ

A

Normal Curve
Mean 100
68% = 85-115
95% = 70-130

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12
Q

Spearman G-Intelligence

A

“g” factor
Measured and compared among individuals
De-emphasized what made each unique

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13
Q

Crystallized Intelligence

A

Requires specific, learned knowledge

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14
Q

Fluid Intelligence

A

Think logically without relying on learned knowledge

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15
Q

Emotional Intelligence

A

inter and intrapersonal intelligences
Understand emotions of yourself and others
Empathy
Know how to regulate own emotions and respond appropriately

EX: Autism and Down syndrome

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16
Q

Cross-sectional Research

A

Participants of various ages are compared to determine whether they differ

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17
Q

Longitudinal Research

A

Some participants are studied at several times to determine whether they change

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18
Q

Teratogens

A

Substances that can produce developmental malformations

EX: Alcohol (Fetal Alcohol Syndrome) , Nicotine, Heroin

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19
Q

Reflexes:
Babinski

A

Touch foot –> Toes outward and up

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20
Q

Reflexes:
Moro

A

Loud noise, head falls back = stretch and hug

Purpose: cling to caregiver

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21
Q

Reflexes:
Rooting

A

Touch cheek –> turn head

Purpose: eat

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22
Q

Reflexes:
Grasping / palmar

A

touch palm –> grasp

Purpose: eat

23
Q

Reflexes:
Stepping

A

Foot on flat –> start stepping

24
Q

Perception

A

-Touch

-Taste

-Smell
Show facial expressions

-Hearing
Move in response
Not fully matured
Preference to sounds

-Vision
Least developed

25
Q

Types of Attachment

A

Secure Attachment:
Explores environment
Upset by separation
Welcomes caregiver back

Insecure Attachment:
Little distress w separation and ignores caregiver when back
OR
Very distressed and resist caregiver

Harlow Studies:
Form attachment not only w the person that meets basic needs

26
Q

Parenting Styles

A

-Authoritative
-Authoritarian
-Indulgent
-Uninvolved

27
Q

Assimilation

A

Process by which we interpret new concepts and experiences in terms of current understanding

28
Q

Accommodation

A

Process by which we modify our understanding when presented with new experiences

29
Q

Piaget’s Stages:

Sensorimotor stage (0-2yrs)

A

Explore world with senses

Object Permanence

30
Q

Piaget’s Stages:

Pre-operational Stage (2-6yrs)

A

Ability to pretend play

31
Q

Piaget’s Stages:

Concrete Operational Stage (6-12yrs)

A

Start to learn math arithmetic

Conservation

32
Q

Piaget’s Stages:

Formal Operational Stage (teen yrs)

A

Abstract reasoning
(“if”)

Ability to consider different possibilities

Scientific Reasoning

33
Q

Moral Development:

Level 1
Pre-conventional Morality

A

Punishment and Rewards

34
Q

Moral Development:

Level 2
Conventional Morality

A

Social approval
Obeying authority

35
Q

Moral Development:

Level 3
Post-conventional Morality

A

Internal moral principles

36
Q

Attitudes

A

Opinions and beliefs about people, objects and ides (favorable or unfavorable)
Based on experiences
Help guide behavior

37
Q

Attitudes Dimensions

A

-Cognitive
Thoughts and beliefs

-Emotional
Like or Dislike

-Behavioral

38
Q

Attitudes Formation

A

-Classical Conditioning
Association w positive or negative
-Operant Conditioning
Parents teaching attitudes
-Observational Learning

39
Q

Dissonance

A

Psychological discomfort assign from holding two or more inconsistent attitudes, behaviors, or cognitions (thoughts, beliefs, opinions)

40
Q

Attribution

A

Process by which we infer motives and intentions from behavior

Types:
Dispositional / Internal:
Attributes behavior to personality or abilities

Situational / External:
Attribute behavior to external

41
Q

Attribution Errors:

Fundamental / Correspondence Bias

A

Overestimate dispositional causes for others

EX: More “depends” for me than friend

42
Q

Attribution Errors:

Self-serving Bias

A

Success: Dispositional
Failure: Situational

43
Q

Attribution Errors:

Just-world Belief

A

people get what they deserve

44
Q

Conformity

A

Change in person’s behavior to go along with the group, even if he does not agree with the group

EX: Asch Effect

45
Q

Obedience

A

Process by which a person complies with the orders of others
whether they agree or not

46
Q

Stanley Milgram Obedience Experiments

A

-Replications of experiments have shown same rates

-Varied with proximity
Teacher and Learner:
more proximity, less obedience

Teacher and Experimenter:
Less proximity, less obedience

47
Q

Social Facilitation

A

Change in performance that occurs when people are in the presence of others
Depends on task

48
Q

Social Loafing

A

Reduction in individual output on tasks where contributions are pooled
Each individual efforts are not evaluated, individuals can become less motivated

49
Q

Group Polarization

A

Exaggeration of original attitudes following a group discussion

50
Q

Groupthink

A

Groups make more extreme decisions than individuals do

51
Q

Deinidividuation

A

Situations in which a person may feel a sense of anonymity and therefore a reduction in accountability and sense of self when among others

EX: mob or riot-like behaviors

52
Q

Altruism

A

Act that benefits others with no obvious benefit to the person performing it

53
Q

Bystander Effect

A

Decreased tendency to help when other people are present
Use others as guide for behavior
Diffusion of responsibility

Intro to Psych (15 decks)

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