Exam 4: ONLY DNA- Introduction, replication, operon Flashcards
1
Q
________ is the cell genetic information; mainly composed of DNA.
exception: is a group of virus that belong to RNA family of viruses
A
Genome
2
Q
____1___ are thread like structures within cells, contains DNA and associated proteins.
associated proteins are
____2____ absent in bacteria cell
____3____ protein bacteria chromosome non histone DNA
A
- chromosomes (In human is total of 46 chromosomes 23/23)
- normally histone
- non histone
3
Q
_____ is segment of DNA that codes for a specific functional product unit of genome
A
gene
4
Q
____1___ cell divide 2 things occurs
- DNA replication distributed to daugther cell
- _____1____ information contained within the DNA is passed on to daugther cells, is express includes
transcription RNA synthesis DNA to RNA.
translation (proteinsynthesis RNA to protein
A
- gene expression
5
Q
the flow of genetic information to central ______ molecular biology.
DNA (transcription ->) RNA
RNA (translation ->) protein
A
DOGMA
6
Q
___1____ is any of a group of RNA viruses that insert a DNA copy of their genome into the host cell in order to replicate.
Example:
DNA virus like ____2___ virus and
some RNA viruses like ____3____ have reverse transcriptiopn
RNA -> DNA -> RNA -> protein
A
- retrovirus
- hepatitis B
- HIV
7
Q
DNA inside cell exists as linear polymer of _________
A
deoxynucleotides
8
Q
Deoxynucleotide are
- __________
- __________
- __________
A
- pentose sugar dexoyribose
- phosphate
- nitrogenous bases
9
Q
Nitrogenous bases are
- ______(A,G)
- ______(C,T)
A
- Purines (A,G)
- Pyrimidine(C,T)
Note: sequences
Correct: Pu-Py
incorrect: Py-Py
10
Q
______ strands in helix like structure; 2 strands are anti-parallel
A
DNA
11
Q
DNA ______ is made of PO4 group and deoxyribose sugar
A
helix backbone
12
Q
the four _______ (Purine A,G and pyrimidine C,T) forms step of the helix ladder
A
nitrogenous bases
13
Q
In Dogma, base pairing occurs in a specific way; thje 2 strands are _______.
A
complimentary
14
Q
In DOGMA, are held together by _______ between the bases. however its a weak bond but in numbers, its strong.
A
hydrogen bonds
15
Q
In DOGMA, _____ structure is susceptible to denaturation (melting),
Denaturation meaning as separation of the 2 strands which is heat and chemical
A
DNA
16
Q
In DOGMA, its not the number but the sequence of _____1___ is important. (hundreds of ___1_____ of DNA
A
1.nucleotide
17
Q
In DOGMA, ______ is distributed equally betwen the daugther cells
A
DNA
18
Q
In DOGMA or structure of nucleic acid,
A-T is the base pair for _____(Genotype).
A=adenine T=thymine
A
DNA
19
Q
In DOGMA or structure of nucleic acid,
A-U is the base pair for ____.
A=Adenine U=Uracll
A
RNA
20
Q
In DOGMA or structure of nucleic acid,
G-C is the base pair for ____ and ____.
G=Guanine C=Cytosine
A
DNA and RNA
21
Q
_______ has 3 steps:
- Unwinding: hydrogen bond breaks
- complimentary base pairing
- bond formation
A
DNA replication
22
Q
_______ means phosphous diester bond between new nucleotide and the group end of DNA. Also hydrogen bonds between strand
A
Bond formation
23
Q
______ is semi-conservative, one strand serves as template for the new strand. each of the 2 new DNA mole cules generated contains, one of the original parental strand.
A
DNA replication
24
Q
______ is asymmetric, meaning one strand is syntherized at faster rate compared to other strand synthesis.
A
DNA replication
25
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is bi-directional
DNA replication
26
\_\_\_\_1\_\_\_\_ is a very accurate process is due to the proof reading activity of DNA polymerase high fidelity in \_\_\_\_1\_\_\_\_\_.
1. DNA replication
27
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ encompasses collaborative effort of many components such as proteins and non-proteins part, complexed as together as the replisome.
DNA Replication
28
Bacterial DNA is \_\_\_1\_\_\_ means during a DNA synthesis is often time is in **A-CH3 residue (rarely in C-CH3 residue but can be \_\_\_\_\_1\_\_\_\_)** is used to control of gene expression. it can turn on or off genes expression. it can signal initiation of DNA replication to protect bacteria DNA.
1. methylated
29
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ initiates from the origin of replication
DNA replication
30
The _________ of DNA replication.
The **_bidirectionality_** of DNA replication
Note: just try to remember this sequence, the formation of "termination of replication"
31
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ model of DNA replication
**_Semiconservative_** model of DNA replication
note: try to understand how orginal DNA to second replication process
32
DNA replication requires energy; fueled by participation of \_\_\_1\_\_\_. or \_\_\_\_1\_\_\_is a building blocks and energy sources in DNA synthesis
1. Deoxynucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs)
33
A generic term referring to the four ____________________ dATP, dCTP, dGTP and dTTP.
Deoxynucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs)
34
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ includes protein component and non protein component.
Replisome
35
Replisome **"\_\_\_\_\_\_ components"** includes
Non enzymatic and Enzymatic
Replisome **"protein components"**
36
Replisome "protein components" ________ is single stranded DNA binding protein, ensures hydrogen bonds don't form.
Non enzymatic
37
Replisome "protein components" ________ is DNA polymerase, Helicase, Gyrase, Primase, Ligase and RNase H.
Enzymatic
38
Replisome "protein components of Enzymatic" _______ uses one strand as a template to generate the other strand
DNA polymerase
39
Replisome "protein components of Enzymatic" ______ separates the strands (meaning unwinds)
DNA Helicase
40
Replisome "protein components of Enzymatic" _____ alleviates the tension built between separated strands by cutting one of the strands (nicking)
DNA Gyrase
41
Drug: Ciprofloxacillin targets \_\_\_1\_\_\_ and block its action, so NO DNA replication, NO bacterial growth then body defense system elimates bacteria.
1. DNA gyrase
(Note: In human have equivalent enzyme **topoisomerase** (similar to Gyrase) is not effected by ciprofloxacillin)
42
Replisome "protein components of Enzymatic" _________ makes RNA primer for polymerase action
DNA Primase
43
Replisome "protein components of Enzymatic" _______ joins the Okazaki fragments
DNA Ligase
44
Replisome "protein components of Enzymatic" ______ degrades the RNA Primer. it recognize the RNA of the H(Hybrid)
DNA RNase H
45
Replisome "\_\_\_\_\_\_ components" includes template DNA strand, RNA nucleotides, energy, Deoxynucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs), origin of replication, primers
Replisome **"Non Protein components"**
46
Pol lll (DNA polymerase 3): is "major player" involves in _______ and ______ strands synthesis
leading and lagging
47
Pol l (DNA polymerase 1): involves with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
okazaki fragments
48
Synthesis of ________ is continously polymerized of DNA nucleotides "choose the replication fork"
leading strand
49
Synthesis of ________ discontinous synthesis due to DNA polymerase
lagging strand
50
DNA -\> RNA -\> mRNA, tRNA, rRNA are particpate in translation in \_\_\_1\_\_\_\_.
DNA -\> RNA -\> primer RNA is involved in \_\_\_\_2\_\_\_\_.
1. protein synthesis
2. DNA replication
51
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ uses one strand as a template to generate the other strand.
* has proof reading exonuclease activity
* elongates DNA chain only in one direction 5'-\>3' leading and lagging strand.
* can only add nucleotide to an existing fragment of nucleic acids(primer)
DNA polymerase l (Pol l)
52
\_\_\_\_\_\_ is where active DNA replication occurs in replication bubble
* parental strand are no more paired at the replication fork
replication fork
53
\_\_\_\_\_\_ includes 2 separate but interdependent processes: transcription (trx) and translation.
gene expression
54
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the process of synthesis of complimentary RNA strand from DNA
* gene acts as a template
transcription
55
product of _______ is RNA, single stranded
* four types, functions in cytoplasm
* purines (A,G) and pyrimidines (C,U) are present; NO T
* ribose sugars are found in RNA's
Transcription
56
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is DNA nucleotide sequence is copied to RNA sequence.
Transcription outcome
57
how is RNA polymerase different from DNA polymerase?(total of 5 differents)
and one similairly between the two.
Different
1. no requirement of helicase in built ability to separate the 2 strands dring transcription
2. no requirement of polymer
3. has poor proof reading ability.
4. incorporate ribonucleotide instead of deoxynucleotides
5. incorporates with U instead of T
Similairly
1. both syntheize in 5'-\>3' direction polymerase
58
Transcription requirements are \_\_\_1\_\_, \_\_\_2\_\_\_,\_\_\_3\_\_\_, and \_\_\_4\_\_\_.
1. template DNA
2. RNA ribonucleotide
3. sigma factor
4. RNA polymerase
59
Transcription requirement of template DNA has _______ sequence which is reconized by RNA polymerase and where transcription itiaks from.
promoter
60
transcription requirement of template DNA has a _______ which signal end of transcription
terminator sequence
61
transcription requirement of RNA ribonucleotide which is _\_\_\_\_\_\_\__
**A**tp,**C**tp,**G**tp,**U**tp (A,C,G,U)
62
transcription requirement of sigma factor is the subunit RNA polymerase reconqizes the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
promoter sequence
63
3 Steps of transcription
step 1. _______ : polymerase binds to template at promote sequence.
initiation
64
3 steps of transcription
Step 2. _______ : polymerase moves along the template
Elongation
65
3 steps of transcription
Step 3. \_\_\_1\_\_\_\_ : polymerase dissociates, releases template along with the newly synthesized RNA. also have two types of \_\_\_1\_\_\_\_ processes in bacteria, which are Rho dependent structure and self \_\_\_1\_\_\_ due to hair pin loop.
1. termination
66
Drug: ________ target RNA polymerase of mycobacterial, drug often given to tuberculosis patient in the cocktail of anti tuberculosis drugs that bind and block RNA polymerase activity.
Rifamycin
67
this picture is called the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Concurrent RNA transcription
## Footnote
Note: Remember the seqeunce showed here
68
\_\_\_1\_\_ present in mRNA, triplet of nucleotide which codes for a specific amino acid, and there are 64 possible \_\_\_1\_\_ for the 22 possible amino acids
1.codon
69
although there are total of 64 possible codons,
but only 61 \_\_\_1\_\_\_\_ which all code for amino acids also have a **corresponding tRNA**.
the remaining 3 are \_\_\_2\_\_\_, that dont code for any amino acid, that are **NO tRNA** associated with these signal for translation.
1. sense codons
2. non sense codons (or stop codons)
70
\_\_\_\_\_ are universal code used by all living organisms, ribosomes decipher mRNA information using the code.
genetic code
71
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is some amino acids are coded by more than 1 codon,
and the **advantage** is if one nucleotide is not copied incorporated in mRNA; still it can code for correct amino acid which allow room for mistakes made by RNA polymerase.(mistakes are due to poor proof reading activity)
codon degeneracy
72
\_\_\_\_\_\_ present only in t-RNA molecule forms hydrogen bonds with codons (on mRNA)
anticodon
73
\_\_\_\_\_\_ has clover leaf like structure with lops and stems which delivers amino acid to ribosomes; has acceptor arm where amino acid attaches
t-RNA
74
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ have some unsual bases are present in, such as **pseudouridine, inosine, dihydrouridine**
t-RNA
75
Some cells have at least one ____ for each amino acids; could be **Charged** and have amino acids attached to its acceptor arm or **Discharge** with NO amino acid attached
t-RNA
76
There is NO ______ for the stop codons
t-RNA
77
\_\_\_\_\_\_ involves decoding the mRNA sequence to amino acid sequence of proteins
translation
78
\_\_\_\_\_ provides platform where codons (of mRNA) are transformed into amino acid sequence of proteins
* has small and large subunit
large subunit has P, A and E site
ribosomes
79
Ribosomes large subunits sites that has a ______ site where peptide bonds are made
**P** (**P**eptidyl) site
80
ribosomes large subunits sites that has a _____ site where charged t-RNA entires the ribosomes.
**A** (**A**ccepter) site
81
Ribosomes large subunits that has ____ site which discharged t-RNA exits the ribosomes
**E** (**E**xit) Site
82
the 3 steps of translation are \_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_\_.
initiation, elongation and termination
83
this is the translaton ______ complex
initiation complex
## Footnote
note: Remember that chart
84
\_\_\_\_\_\_ is followed by AUG and stops at another AUG
RBS(ribosome binding site)
85
the ______ of translation in prokaryotes
Initiation
## Footnote
Note: remember that picture below
86
the ______ stage of translation
Elongation stage
## Footnote
Note: remember the picture below
87
this is due to too many \_\_\_\_\_,
the picture showned below: A polyribosome in a prokaryotic cell.
mRNA
88
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ has a inducible that is activated by i**nducers** lac operon and repressible operon which is transcribed continously until deactivated by **repressors**
operon
## Footnote
Note: remember those steps
89
Lac operon encodes for \_\_\_1\_\_\_, \_\_\_2\_\_\_, and \_\_3\_\_\_
1. Lac**_X_** : lactose permease
2. Lac**_Y_** : Beta galactosidase
3. Lac**_Z_** : role is unclear
90
This picture shows Lac operon \_\_\_\_\_\_
repressed
## Footnote
Note: remember the entire steps
91
This picture shows Lac operon \_\_\_\_\_\_
induced
## Footnote
Note: remember the entire steps
92
This picture show below is _____ enchances Lac transcription
CAP-cAMP
## Footnote
Note: Remember those steps
93
\_\_\_\_\_\_ is when
High glucose -\> low level of cAMP
Absent glucose -\> high cAMP
CAP (**C**atabolite **A**ctivator **P**rotein)
