Exam 4 (Randomized): DNA,Rickettesia, Chlamydia, Myoplasma Flashcards
(126 cards)
1
Q
______ causes rocky mountain spotted fever and transmitted by ticks (dermacentor)
note: NO human to human transmission, only by ticks to human.
A
Rickettsia Rickettsii
2
Q
Replisome “protein components of Enzymatic” _________ makes RNA primer for polymerase action
A
DNA Primase
3
Q
Lac operon encodes for ___1___, ___2___, and __3___
A
- LacX : lactose permease
- LacY : Beta galactosidase
- LacZ : role is unclear
4
Q
transcription requirement of RNA ribonucleotide which is ______\_
A
Atp,Ctp,Gtp,Utp (A,C,G,U)
5
Q
this picture is called the _______
A
Concurrent RNA transcription
Note: Remember the seqeunce showed here
6
Q
Replisome “______ components” includes template DNA strand, RNA nucleotides, energy, Deoxynucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs), origin of replication, primers
A
Replisome “Non Protein components”
7
Q
_______ is a slow growing pathogen and divides only 8-12hrs. it remains dormant in tick’s salivary gland; prolonged feeding makes infective bacteria release into host system.
A
Rickettsia rickettsili
8
Q
the ______ stage of translation
A
Elongation stage
Note: remember the picture below
9
Q
______ is asymmetric, meaning one strand is syntherized at faster rate compared to other strand synthesis.
A
DNA replication
10
Q
____1____ is a very accurate process is due to the proof reading activity of DNA polymerase high fidelity in ____1_____.
A
- DNA replication
11
Q
_______ includes protein component and non protein component.
A
Replisome
12
Q
In Dogma, base pairing occurs in a specific way; thje 2 strands are _______.
A
complimentary
13
Q
Pol l (DNA polymerase 1): involves with _______
A
okazaki fragments
14
Q
There is NO ______ for the stop codons
A
t-RNA
15
Q
Replisome “protein components of Enzymatic” _______ joins the Okazaki fragments
A
DNA Ligase
16
Q
Replisome “protein components of Enzymatic” ______ separates the strands (meaning unwinds)
A
DNA Helicase
17
Q
Chlamydia that causes “sexually transmitted diseases” Non gonococcal urethritis in men is ________, first symptom is usually a leakage of milky fluid (discharge) from the tip of the penis. If the infection is not treated, it may move up around the testicles, causing pain, swelling, and sterility.
A
Symptomatic
18
Q
_____ is any agent that carries and transmits an infectious pathogen into another living organism. from one individual to another individual.
A
Vector
19
Q
Ribosomes large subunits sites that has a ______ site where peptide bonds are made
A
P (Peptidyl) site
20
Q
Replisome “protein components of Enzymatic” ______ degrades the RNA Primer. it recognize the RNA of the H(Hybrid)
A
DNA RNase H
21
Q
Chlamydia that causes “sexually transmitted diseases” Non gonococcal urethritis is _______, common in women and complication is Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) due to immune response; increase risk of steriling and ectopic pregnancy.
A
Asymptomatic
22
Q
_______ has 3 steps:
- Unwinding: hydrogen bond breaks
- complimentary base pairing
- bond formation
A
DNA replication
23
Q
_______ means phosphous diester bond between new nucleotide and the group end of DNA. Also hydrogen bonds between strand
A
Bond formation
24
Q
Replisome “______ components” includes
Non enzymatic and Enzymatic
A
Replisome “protein components”
25
In DOGMA, _____ structure is susceptible to denaturation (melting),
Denaturation meaning as separation of the 2 strands which is heat and chemical
DNA
26
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ spotted rash is on the trunks, appendages, palms and soles along with fever, headache, chills, muscle aches. It may involve the respiratory, gastrointestinal and nervous system.
-If left untreated, CNS infection may induce convulsions, coma and death.
Rickettsia Rickettsii
## Footnote
Note: Don't cause or associated with rickets(rickets is different)
rickets is nutritional deficiency diseases
27
3 steps of transcription
Step 3. \_\_\_1\_\_\_\_ : polymerase dissociates, releases template along with the newly synthesized RNA. also have two types of \_\_\_1\_\_\_\_ processes in bacteria, which are Rho dependent structure and self \_\_\_1\_\_\_ due to hair pin loop.
1. termination
28
Nitrogenous bases are
1. \_\_\_\_\_\_(A,G)
2. \_\_\_\_\_\_(C,T)
1. **_Pu_**rines (A,G)
2. **_Py_**rimidine(C,T)
Note: sequences
Correct: Pu-Py
incorrect: Py-Py
29
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is bi-directional
DNA replication
30
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is
- large, pleomorphie
- reproductive forms
- intracellular form because energy parasites entirely lacking ATP synthesis
reticulate bodies (RB or initial bodies)
31
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is virulence, is due to escape from host immune response, it's unique cell wall prevents phagosome fusing with lysosomes inside phagocytes
Chlamydia
32
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is some amino acids are coded by more than 1 codon,
and the **advantage** is if one nucleotide is not copied incorporated in mRNA; still it can code for correct amino acid which allow room for mistakes made by RNA polymerase.(mistakes are due to poor proof reading activity)
codon degeneracy
33
\_\_\_\_1\_\_\_ cell divide 2 things occurs
1. DNA replication distributed to daugther cell
2. \_\_\_\_\_1\_\_\_\_ information contained within the DNA is passed on to daugther cells, is express includes
transcription RNA synthesis DNA to RNA.
translation (proteinsynthesis RNA to protein
1. gene expression
34
\_\_\_\_\_ have DNA, RNA and 70S ribosomes
Chlamydia
35
\_\_\_\_\_ provides platform where codons (of mRNA) are transformed into amino acid sequence of proteins
* has small and large subunit
large subunit has P, A and E site
ribosomes
36
In DOGMA, its not the number but the sequence of \_\_\_\_\_1\_\_\_ is important. (hundreds of \_\_\_1\_\_\_\_\_ of DNA
1.nucleotide
37
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ initiates from the origin of replication
DNA replication
38
\_\_\_\_\_\_ strands in helix like structure; 2 strands are anti-parallel
DNA
39
\_\_\_\_\_\_ enters through cuts, abrasions; infects mucosal and conjunctival cells
Chlamydia
40
\_\_\_\_\_\_ involves decoding the mRNA sequence to amino acid sequence of proteins
translation
41
\_\_\_1\_\_ present in mRNA, triplet of nucleotide which codes for a specific amino acid, and there are 64 possible \_\_\_1\_\_ for the 22 possible amino acids
1.codon
42
\_\_\_\_\_\_ is where active DNA replication occurs in replication bubble
* parental strand are no more paired at the replication fork
replication fork
43
DNA -\> RNA -\> mRNA, tRNA, rRNA are particpate in translation in \_\_\_1\_\_\_\_.
DNA -\> RNA -\> primer RNA is involved in \_\_\_\_2\_\_\_\_.
1. protein synthesis
2. DNA replication
44
although there are total of 64 possible codons,
but only 61 \_\_\_1\_\_\_\_ which all code for amino acids also have a **corresponding tRNA**.
the remaining 3 are \_\_\_2\_\_\_, that dont code for any amino acid, that are **NO tRNA** associated with these signal for translation.
1. sense codons
2. non sense codons (or stop codons)
45
No toxin is secreted by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, disease is due to damaged blood vessel which causes blood to escape (petechiae) another word subcutaneous hemorrhage which end up low blood pressure and poor oxygenation.
Rickettsia Rickettsii
46
Synthesis of ________ is continously polymerized of DNA nucleotides "choose the replication fork"
leading strand
47
Transcription requirement of template DNA has _______ sequence which is reconized by RNA polymerase and where transcription itiaks from.
promoter
48
How does elementary bodies(EB) and reticulate bodies(RB) process works?
49
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ uses one strand as a template to generate the other strand.
* has proof reading exonuclease activity
* elongates DNA chain only in one direction 5'-\>3' leading and lagging strand.
* can only add nucleotide to an existing fragment of nucleic acids(primer)
DNA polymerase l (Pol l)
50
\_\_\_\_\_\_ is semi-conservative, one strand serves as template for the new strand. each of the 2 new DNA mole cules generated contains, one of the original parental strand.
DNA replication
51
DNA inside cell exists as linear polymer of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
deoxynucleotides
52
\_\_\_\_\_\_ is non motile, gram negative aerobic, obligate intracellular parasite. it has a peptidoglycan cell wall and lipopolysaccharide outer membrane; slime layer is also present.
Rickettsia Rickettsii
53
\_\_\_1\_\_\_\_ is any of a group of RNA viruses that insert a DNA copy of their genome into the host cell in order to replicate.
Example:
DNA virus like \_\_\_\_2\_\_\_ virus and
some RNA viruses like \_\_\_\_3\_\_\_\_ have reverse transcriptiopn
RNA -\> DNA -\> RNA -\> protein
1. retrovirus
2. hepatitis B
3. HIV
54
\_\_\_\_\_\_ is when
High glucose -\> low level of cAMP
Absent glucose -\> high cAMP
CAP (**C**atabolite **A**ctivator **P**rotein)
55
DNA ______ is made of PO4 group and deoxyribose sugar
helix backbone
56
3 Steps of transcription
step 1. _______ : polymerase binds to template at promote sequence.
initiation
57
\_\_\_\_\_\_ includes 2 separate but interdependent processes: transcription (trx) and translation.
gene expression
58
3 steps of transcription
Step 2. _______ : polymerase moves along the template
Elongation
59
In DOGMA, ______ is distributed equally betwen the daugther cells
DNA
60
Some cells have at least one ____ for each amino acids; could be **Charged** and have amino acids attached to its acceptor arm or **Discharge** with NO amino acid attached
t-RNA
61
\_\_\_\_\_\_ present only in t-RNA molecule forms hydrogen bonds with codons (on mRNA)
anticodon
62
\_\_\_\_\_\_ is once considered belonging to viruses due to small size and intracellular life style (energy arasites lacking enzymes for ATP synthesis)
Chlamydia
63
Drug: ________ target RNA polymerase of mycobacterial, drug often given to tuberculosis patient in the cocktail of anti tuberculosis drugs that bind and block RNA polymerase activity.
Rifamycin
64
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is virulence, which is one of the few that cause hman disease mainly due to 2 factors.
1. **Capsule:** provide protection from phagocytosis
2. **adhesive protein**: attaches to ciliated epithelial cells receptors; interferes with mucus clearance and ciliary functions due to mucus builds and irritates respiratory tract
Mycoplasm pneumoniae
65
This picture shows Lac operon \_\_\_\_\_\_
induced
## Footnote
Note: remember the entire steps
66
\_\_\_1\_\_\_\_ can be transmitted sexually or non sexually, how?
In sexually, \_\_\_\_\_1\_\_\_ is non motile, which hitch hikes on sperm cells, binds to receptors on host cell surface. (note: same as Gonorrhea)
In non sexually, \_\_\_\_1\_\_\_\_ is transmitted by in non chlorinated pool, during birth process inferior or poor medical care.
1. chlamydia
67
this is the translaton ______ complex
initiation complex
## Footnote
note: Remember that chart
68
\_\_\_\_\_\_ has clover leaf like structure with lops and stems which delivers amino acid to ribosomes; has acceptor arm where amino acid attaches
t-RNA
69
ribosomes large subunits sites that has a _____ site where charged t-RNA entires the ribosomes.
**A** (**A**ccepter) site
70
a patients that is recovering from \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, may experience paralysis of the legs and gangrenous secondary infection with clostridium perfringens.
note: early diagnosis is essential and there is NOeffective vaccine as of now.
Rickettsia Rickettsii
71
Deoxynucleotide are
1. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
2. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
3. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
1. pentose sugar dexoyribose
2. phosphate
3. nitrogenous bases
72
Chlamydia binds to conjuctival cells and multiplies within by killing them, which triggers pus formation then scares conjunctiva, which inturns patients eyelids turn inwards that causes eyelashes irritates, scratches and scars cornea, then triggers blood vessels invasion into clear areas; looses transparency which leads to blindness is a ocular disease called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Conjunctiva trachomatis (these are the steps to this disease)
73
In DOGMA, are held together by _______ between the bases. however its a weak bond but in numbers, its strong.
hydrogen bonds
74
DNA replication requires energy; fueled by participation of \_\_\_1\_\_\_. or \_\_\_\_1\_\_\_is a building blocks and energy sources in DNA synthesis
1. Deoxynucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs)
75
\_\_\_\_1\_\_\_\_ has NO peptidoglycan between membranes, it has 2 membranes which is similar to gram negative cells surrounds each \_\_\_\_\_1\_\_\_ cells but "NO CELL WALL" (note: penicellin cannot penetrate)
1.Chlamydia
## Footnote
note: I didnt understand this, but just remember there is no peptidoglycan
76
Chlamydia that causes "Ocular Diseases" is \_\_\_\_1\_\_\_\_, causes non traumatic blindness in children's.
In adults can causes infection of the eye and lead to blindness as well is called, \_\_\_2\_\_\_\_ is due to transmission from infected genitals to eyes, via fomites, fingers, flies
1. conjunctivitis Trachoma
2. trachomatis
77
\_\_\_\_\_ is segment of DNA that codes for a specific functional product unit of genome
gene
78
Transcription requirements are \_\_\_1\_\_, \_\_\_2\_\_\_,\_\_\_3\_\_\_, and \_\_\_4\_\_\_.
1. template DNA
2. RNA ribonucleotide
3. sigma factor
4. RNA polymerase
79
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and _______ are the only BACTERIA that are **_obligate intracellular parasite_**. Why? is not able to utilize glucose as a nutrient for energy. for it to obtain energy, it oxidses amino acids and intermediates of krebs cycle
Rickettsia Rickettsii and Chlamydia
80
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the cell genetic information; mainly composed of DNA.
exception: is a group of virus that belong to RNA family of viruses
Genome
81
In DOGMA or structure of nucleic acid,
G-C is the base pair for ____ and \_\_\_\_.
G=Guanine C=Cytosine
DNA and RNA
82
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ causes persistant unproductive cough due to repeat attempt to clear mucus and pathogens from lungs
Mycoplasm pneumoniae
83
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ have some unsual bases are present in, such as **pseudouridine, inosine, dihydrouridine**
t-RNA
84
The _________ of DNA replication.
The **_bidirectionality_** of DNA replication
Note: just try to remember this sequence, the formation of "termination of replication"
85
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ model of DNA replication
**_Semiconservative_** model of DNA replication
note: try to understand how orginal DNA to second replication process
86
Chlamydia that causes "sexually transmitted diseases" \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, is lesion in lymph nodes at the groin area also called "bubos" painful inflammed lymphnode.
Lymphogranuloma (LGV)
87
In Chlamydia, different strains causes 2 main types of diseases which are ________ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
**1.Sexually transmitted diseases**
* Non gonococcal urethritis
* Lymphogranuloma Venerum (LGV)
* Trachomatis
**2.Ocular diseases**
* Conjunctivitis trachoma
88
A generic term referring to the four ____________________ dATP, dCTP, dGTP and dTTP.
Deoxynucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs)
89
Replisome "protein components of Enzymatic" _______ uses one strand as a template to generate the other strand
DNA polymerase
90
\_\_\_\_\_\_ is
- small, cocci shaped
- infective form; dormant and similar to spores in resistance.
- extracellular form
elementary bodies (EB)
91
how is RNA polymerase different from DNA polymerase?(total of 5 differents)
and one similairly between the two.
Different
1. no requirement of helicase in built ability to separate the 2 strands dring transcription
2. no requirement of polymer
3. has poor proof reading ability.
4. incorporate ribonucleotide instead of deoxynucleotides
5. incorporates with U instead of T
Similairly
1. both syntheize in 5'-\>3' direction polymerase
92
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the process of synthesis of complimentary RNA strand from DNA
* gene acts as a template
transcription
93
transcription requirement of template DNA has a _______ which signal end of transcription
terminator sequence
94
Chlamydia that causes "sexually transmitted diseases" ________ is an infection of the urethra. is similiar to gonorrhea (note: Gonorrhea means flow of seed due to the pusk)
non gonococcal urethritis
95
\_\_\_\_\_\_ if its goes outside the host, it dies quickly; it needs transmission from one host to another (only by ticks to human, NO human to human) its a Vector, indirect transmission by a tick.
Rickettsia Rickettsii
96
This picture show below is _____ enchances Lac transcription
CAP-cAMP
## Footnote
Note: Remember those steps
97
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ encompasses collaborative effort of many components such as proteins and non-proteins part, complexed as together as the replisome.
DNA Replication
98
In DOGMA or structure of nucleic acid,
A-U is the base pair for \_\_\_\_.
A=Adenine U=Uracll
RNA
99
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ **penicillin** is not effective; other antibiotics works. no available vaccine because cells **contain cholesterol** in membrane.
Mycoplasm pneumoniae
100
\_\_\_\_\_\_ causes pneumonia, walking pneumonia, primary atypical pneumonia(dont need hospitialisation and means can infect immune compartment)
- mild symptoms: fever, malaise headache
Mycoplasm pneumoniae
101
product of _______ is RNA, single stranded
* four types, functions in cytoplasm
* purines (A,G) and pyrimidines (C,U) are present; NO T
* ribose sugars are found in RNA's
Transcription
102
the four _______ (Purine A,G and pyrimidine C,T) forms step of the helix ladder
nitrogenous bases
103
Bacterial DNA is \_\_\_1\_\_\_ means during a DNA synthesis is often time is in **A-CH3 residue (rarely in C-CH3 residue but can be \_\_\_\_\_1\_\_\_\_)** is used to control of gene expression. it can turn on or off genes expression. it can signal initiation of DNA replication to protect bacteria DNA.
1. methylated
104
Replisome "protein components" ________ is single stranded DNA binding protein, ensures hydrogen bonds don't form.
Non enzymatic
105
In DOGMA or structure of nucleic acid,
A-T is the base pair for \_\_\_\_\_(Genotype).
A=adenine T=thymine
DNA
106
\_\_\_\_\_\_ is followed by AUG and stops at another AUG
RBS(ribosome binding site)
107
Pol lll (DNA polymerase 3): is "major player" involves in _______ and ______ strands synthesis
leading and lagging
108
This picture shows Lac operon \_\_\_\_\_\_
repressed
## Footnote
Note: remember the entire steps
109
Ribosomes large subunits that has ____ site which discharged t-RNA exits the ribosomes
**E** (**E**xit) Site
110
the flow of genetic information to central ______ molecular biology.
DNA (transcription -\>) RNA
RNA (translation -\>) protein
DOGMA
111
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the smallest form of life, originally thought as belonging to viruses; contains DNA, RNA, ribosomes and divide by binary fission. it's pleomorphic and looks like fried egg appearance.
Mycoplasm pneumoniae
112
Synthesis of ________ discontinous synthesis due to DNA polymerase
lagging strand
113
\_\_\_\_\_ are universal code used by all living organisms, ribosomes decipher mRNA information using the code.
genetic code
114
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ enters by endocytosis and exits cells by exocytosis. prevents vesicle fusion with lysosomes to form phagosomes; breaks out of vesicle by enzyme secretion.
Rickettsia rickettsili
115
transcription requirement of sigma factor is the subunit RNA polymerase reconqizes the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
promoter sequence
116
Replisome "protein components" ________ is DNA polymerase, Helicase, Gyrase, Primase, Ligase and RNase H.
Enzymatic
117
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is DNA nucleotide sequence is copied to RNA sequence.
Transcription outcome
118
\_\_\_\_\_\_ is common amongst high school and college students, can be spread by close contact a via aerosole meaning through coughing, singing or talking at students.
Mycoplasm pneumoniae
119
\_\_\_\_1\_\_\_ are thread like structures within cells, contains DNA and _associated proteins_.
associated proteins are
\_\_\_\_2\_\_\_\_ absent in bacteria cell
\_\_\_\_3\_\_\_\_ protein bacteria chromosome non histone DNA
1. chromosomes (In human is total of 46 chromosomes 23/23)
2. normally histone
3. non histone
120
this is due to too many \_\_\_\_\_,
the picture showned below: A polyribosome in a prokaryotic cell.
mRNA
121
Antibiotices that is effectiveness against chlamydia is \_\_\_\_\_\_1\_\_\_ and \_\_\_2\_\_\_\_\_. (Note: PENCILLIN IS NOT EFFECTIVE)
1. Doxycycline
2. Erythromycin
122
Replisome "protein components of Enzymatic" _____ alleviates the tension built between separated strands by cutting one of the strands (nicking)
DNA Gyrase
123
the 3 steps of translation are \_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_\_.
initiation, elongation and termination
124
Drug: Ciprofloxacillin targets \_\_\_1\_\_\_ and block its action, so NO DNA replication, NO bacterial growth then body defense system elimates bacteria.
1. DNA gyrase
(Note: In human have equivalent enzyme **topoisomerase** (similar to Gyrase) is not effected by ciprofloxacillin)
125
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ has a inducible that is activated by i**nducers** lac operon and repressible operon which is transcribed continously until deactivated by **repressors**
operon
## Footnote
Note: remember those steps
126
the ______ of translation in prokaryotes
Initiation
## Footnote
Note: remember that picture below
