FinalExam: Bacteria Genetics, Fungi

Question 1

_______ are heterotrophs and saprophytes

Answer 1

fungi

Question 2

some _______ are parasites cell wall made of chitin(target for antifungal agents) is present.

Answer 2

fungi

Question 3

majority of ____ are aerobes or facultative anerobes (except yeast) and few are obligate anaerobes

Answer 3

fungi

Question 4

______ prefers to grow at acidic pH (5 or lower) in high salt

Answer 4

fungi

Question 5

In ______, sugar in slight moist environment and relative humidity of 70% or more

Answer 5

fungi

Question 6

___1____ have a filamentous body (mycelium); and the individual filament is called ___2____

Answer 6

1. Fungi
2. hypha (pl hyphae)

Question 7

Fungi of the individual filament is called _______, are well adapted to aobsorb food, such as high surface to volume ratio and releases enymes to breakdown foodl also acts as a repellant.

Answer 7

hypha (pl hyphae)

Question 8

________ are segment of hyphae which obtains nutrition

Answer 8

vegetative hyphae

Question 9

______ projects above the surface; bears reproductive spores

Answer 9

aerial hyphae

Question 10

_______ includes haustoria and rhizoids

Answer 10

Specialized hyphae

Question 11

The Specialized hyphae that includes _____ are associated with parasitic fungi (associate w/ fungal infection), gentle nature of hyphae

Answer 11

Haustoria

Question 12

the specialized hyphae that includes ______ are associated with saprophytic fungi (suck up nutrient from non-living objects), aggressive nature of hyphae

Answer 12

rhizoids

Question 13

____1___ are one which can grow as both yeast like (unicellular) or as mycelia; human pathogenic fungi are ____1___

Answer 13

dimorphic

Question 14

2 classes of hyphae depending on the presence of septa (cross wall) are ____1___ and ___2____

Answer 14

1. septate hyphae
2. coenocytic hyphae

Question 15

_____ are individual cells are separated from one another by septa - microscopic openings (woronin bodies), most of nutrient p/u by vegetative move upward to aerial hyphae , mobilizes cellular resources right to the point of growth (aerial hyphae)

Answer 15

septate hyphae

Question 16

_____ are long structure with cells but no cross wall

Answer 16

coenocytic hyphae

Question 17

____ are present in All fungi

• digest damaged cells
• helps parasitic fungi to invade host

Answer 17

lysosomes

Question 18

Fungi have _______ that can germinate and develop into a new hyphae and mycelium
- Male Hyphae : has + nucleus
- Female Hyphae: has -nucleus
- Membrane fusion (of male & female)—>nucleus fusion (karyogammy) —> nucleus then form zygospore 2N chromosomes (equivalent to zygote) —> undergo meiosis —> form fruiting bodies containing N spores
—> Fruiting bodies: Sporangium of Rhizopus fungi - release spores and columella remain.

Answer 18

unusual reproductive modes (sexual & asexual)

Question 19

_____ has spores

Answer 19

Sporangium

Question 20

_____ are the body of fungi

Answer 20

Sporangiosphore

Question 21

These are antifungal drugs that affects/targets membrane component, which is ________ that includes amphotericin and nystatin, it binds to ergosterol component, results in leaking membrane. its very toxic; limited use in life threatening condition

Answer 21

polyenes

Question 22

These are antifungal drugs that affects/targets membrane component, which is ______ that includes clotrimazole and miconazole, it inhibit ergosterol synthesis; interfere in the synthetic pathway. the active componenet of medications to treat localized, superficial yeast infection.

Answer 22

azoles

Question 23

These are antifungal drugs that affects/targets membrane component, for cell wall synthesis, ______ is used for candida and aspergillosis treatment that interferes with fungal cell wall synthesis

Answer 23

Echinocandins

Question 24

These are antifungal drugs that affects/targets membrane component, for cell division, ______ (synthesized by some fungi) are exact mechanism, it interfere with spinder fibers component (tubulin) and blocks mitotic events. used in treatment of nail and skin fungal infections

Answer 24

gresiofulvin

Question 25

polymerization due to tubulin assembly extension of \_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 25

spindle fibers

Question 26

depolymerization of tubulin subunits shortening of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 26

spindle fibers

Question 27

These are antifungal drugs that affects/targets membrane component, for nucleic acid synthesis (poor target), _______ is taken by yeast cells and converted into active inhibitory form, 5 fluorouracil, it inhibits nucleic acid synthesis

Answer 27

flucytosine

Question 28

In the cytoplasm, ____ blocks biosynthesis of ergosterol, a sterol needed for cell membrane stability.

Answer 28

azoles

Question 29

outside of the cytoplasm, ______ forms aggregates in cell membrane with ergosterol, leading to pores that cause leakage of cellular contents

Answer 29

Amphotercin B

Question 30

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ interwoven polymers of glucans, chitins and various proteins

Answer 30

fungal cell wall

Question 31

\_\_\_\_\_\_ (Mycoses) mainly associates with opportunist infection, meaning when body is low defenses.

Answer 31

fungal diseases

Question 32

physicians classify mycoses as ______ when restricted on surface of nails, hairs and outer skin layer.

Answer 32

superficial

Question 33

physicians classify mycoses as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_(in skin) due to onset of CMI(Cellor mediated immune) response.

Answer 33

cutaneous

Question 34

physicians classify mycoses as ______ in hypodermis and muscle or bones

Answer 34

wound/subcutaneous

Question 35

physicians classify mycoses as ______ affecting many systems and spread throughout body

Answer 35

systemic

Question 36

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ acquired by contract with hyphae or fungal spores or with shared objects

Answer 36

superficial mycoses

Question 37

example of superficial mycoses is ________ (due to melassezia furfur) its hyper/hypo pigmentation is due to melanin pigment interference. Versicolor is due to trunk arm area, activation pigment

Answer 37

pityriasis versicolor

Question 38

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_(superficial mycoses) is a dimorphic fungil feeds on the sebum(uses as nutrient) and makes keratinase.

Answer 38

pityriasis versicolor

Question 39

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_(superficial mycoses) immune compromised individual, infection can be systemic (all across of the body)

Answer 39

pityriasis versicolor

Question 40

the treatment for \_\_\_\_\_\_\_(superficial mycoses) is antifungal imidazoles, you apply on the affect area.

Answer 40

pityriasis versicolor

Question 41

A example of cutaneous mycoses aka ringworm caused by _____ that invades skin and activate CMI; in turn damages deeper tissues

Answer 41

dermatophytes (aka ringworm)

Question 42

In athletes foot, \_\_\_\_\_\_(cutaneous mycoses) uses keratin as nutrient and conlonizes skin, nails and hair. they remains localized in dermis and hypodermis; rarely becomes systemic

Answer 42

dermatophytes (aka ringworm)

Question 43

, _______ associated with humans only, transmitted by close contact or fomite sharing

Answer 43

anthrophilic

Question 44

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are associated with animals; transmitted via close contact or through contaminated leather, wool, feather

Answer 44

zoophilic

Question 45

\_\_\_\_\_ includes soil fungi and transmitted via soil exposure or dust

Answer 45

geophilic

Question 46

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ fungi grows deep into hypodermis and bone but dont become systemic infection, produce on skin surface lesions

Answer 46

wound mycoses

Question 47

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ have common ones which are chromoblastomycoses, mycetoma and sporotrichosis

Answer 47

wound mycoses

Question 48

\_\_\_\_\_ appears as small, painless but itchy, scaly lesion on skin due to fungal growth in subcutaneous tissues

Answer 48

chromoblastomycoses

Question 49

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ lesion progressively worsens and becomes tumor like and extensive if untreated

Answer 49

chromoblastomycoses

Question 50

\_\_\_\_\_ inflammation with fibrous tissue forms along with abscess in surrounding tissues

Answer 50

chromoblastomycoses

Question 51

\_\_\_\_\_\_ caused by soil fungi, tumor like infection of skin, facia and bones; slow growing.

Answer 51

Mycetomas

Question 52

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is once its infected, it invades body tissues eventually abrasions (scrapes) and prick wound (punctures) by sharp twigs, thorns.

Answer 52

Mycetomas

Question 53

\_\_\_\_\_\_ facilitates fungi entry protective clothing and shoes minmizes / reduces infection risk.

Answer 53

Mycetomas

Question 54

\_\_\_\_\_causes wound site forms **Nodules(hard sub surface)** with time **lesion worses become ulcerated with pus**, then releases **spores and hyphae** then mitigates spread to other tissues which results **permanent deformity**

Answer 54

Mycetomas

Question 55

\_\_\_\_\_\_ (aka rose gardner disease) is due to dimorphic fungi limited to subcutaneous infection of the arm and leg; no systemic infection.

Answer 55

sporotrichosis (aka rose gardner disease)

Question 56

\_\_\_\_\_\_ soil is the natural habitat; transmitted as mycetomas pathogen higher risk of infection is noted amongst avid gardeners, farmers and artisans who work with natural plant materials.

Answer 56

sporotrichosis (aka rose gardner disease)

Question 57

\_\_\_\_\_\_ is common in moist areas; equally distributed amongst tropics an subtropics.

Answer 57

sporotrichosis (aka rose gardner disease)

Question 58

theres is two form of sporotrichosis, ________ appears as painless, nodular lesion at site and gets filled with pus; don't spread.

Answer 58

fixed sporotrichosis

Question 59

theres is two form of sporotrichosis, ________ enters lymphatic system near inoculation site(primary lesion) transform into sec lesion on skin surface and remains.. This one spreads.

Answer 59

lymphocutaneous

Question 60

\_\_\_\_\_\_ is yeast like forms(psudohyl) hyphae

Answer 60

dimorphic fungi

Question 61

\_\_\_\_\_\_ (aka valley fever) its due to C.immitis, a dimorphic fungi

Answer 61

Coccidioidomycoses(Valley fever)

Question 62

\_\_\_\_\_\_ grows as mycelium in soil and produces asexual spores(arthoconidia) that germinates to form mycelia.

Answer 62

Coccidioidomycoses(Valley fever)

Question 63

\_\_\_\_\_\_ yeast form at body's temperature(pathogenic form) enters body via inhalation of arthoconidia, begins as generalized inection, then spreads to rest of body

Answer 63

Coccidioidomycoses(Valley fever)

Question 64

In _________ arthroconidia germinate in alveoli forms spherules which matures and creates spores(multiples divisions) then releases into neighboring tissues which inhitiates new cycle.

Answer 64

Coccidioidomycoses(Valley fever)

Question 65

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_(aka thrush) due to yeast or candidiasis, it targets skin and mucous membrane of mouth throat, osophagus and vagina.

Answer 65

Oropharyngeal candidiasis(aka thrush)

Question 66

\_\_\_\_\_ is commonly observed during prolonged or board spectrum treatment, it alters food taste and affects appetite

Answer 66

Oropharyngeal candidiasis(aka thrush)