Final Exam: Virus Flashcards by Shelby Souk

______ distinct biological entities belonging to the infectious agents group of microbial world

Viruses

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____ Best described as obligate intracellular parasites

provide example of “cellular hijackers”

Viruses

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______ invade/enter host cells and use the metabolic machine and resources of the host cells to make more copies of themselves.

host all as hostage
uses and abuse host cellulor resources

Viruses

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______ has 2 common features, 1. all enter + replicate inside to make more copies of themselves

Viruses

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______ has 2 common features, 2. all exit and are shedded to betransmitted into new host

Viruses

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______ particles with a protein coat and genetic material; protein coat call capsids that protects genetic material

viruses

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______ genetic material (aka genome) is ether DNA or RNA (never both) packaged inside with limited codin. Is the reasons why its so dependent on host cells for replication.

Viruses

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Viruses _____ is made of subunit capsomers/capsomeres

capsids

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Virus have _______ viral proteins which includes structral proteins and non structural proteins which includes enzymes unique to virus and regulator protein.

Genome encodes

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influenza virus, common cold virus and zikka virus which is transmitted by mosquitos are _______.

RNA genome

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______ human Papillone virus (HPV) are herpes family

DNA Virus

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DNA virus of ______ are cold sores above the waist.

herpes simplex I (HSV-I)

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DNA Virus of _______ is gential herpes, below the waist

Herpes simplex II (HSV-II)

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DNA Virus of ______ is only herpes family member that is aerosole transmitted that causes 2 disease in some individual at two different times.

Young - Chicken pox (doesnt belong to pox family)
later in life - Causes shingles (zoster)

varicellazoster virus

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Virus has ______ which makes virus particle ( interior and exterior) functions in one of the following ways:

i. attachment
ii. protecting viral nucleic acid
iii. modification of host cell

Structural proteins

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_______ leads to cancerous, is fusion of infection cell with neighboring non infected cells. infected cells cancerous (unregulated growth and division of infected cells).

modification of host cell

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________ unique and aren’t found inside host cell.

Viral enzymes:

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______ dependent RNA polymase compare to DNA dependent, RNA polmerase of host cell

RNA

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_______ reverse transcription to DNA nucleotid sequence following infection whch integrate the product of reverse transcription into host genomic DNA within 48-72 hours of infection.

viral RNA genome

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______: varied functions, some are used to selectively turn on / off viral gene expression

. Viral regulatory proteins

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________ others, used to take over host cell and convert into a efficient “factory” for virus production; modulate host defense. infected host cell, theyre not the target or thre not under the radar of the defense cell.

viral regulatory proteins

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______ infect all life forms and are responsible for a variety of infectious diseases; can profoundly alter host cell behavior. it can cause the cell to be tumor or cancerous.

virus

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We are a reservoir of ___1___ ; they set up residence in gut, lungs, liver.

our gut is loaded with bacteria harboring their own blend of ___1___
every one of our cell is infected
we carry viral genome as part of our own genetic material

1.viruses

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_______ plays role in placenta devolop and fusion. they dont make particular

HERV (human endogenous retroviral sequences)

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\_\_\_\_\_\_ transplant into human

PERV (pigs/porcine family) Porcine endogenous retrovirus genome

\_\_\_\_ and ____ recombine to form/evolve a novel virus particle. meaning new virus human never experince (way in the future)

PERV and HERV

8% of our ____ contains these relics of ancient retroviruses

DNA

for virus, ______ can cross species barrier and they do so constantly such as zonotic viruses and rabies virus

viral inection

\_\_\_\_\_\_ takes residence in metabolically active cells: depends on host cell for energy, transport pathways, protein synthesis, genome replication and assembly. NEVER ON DEAD HUMANS/PLANTS/ANIMALS

viruses

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ don’t metabolize, respire or grow; they lack basic enzymes for many simple metabolic processes

viruses

\_\_\_\_\_ lacks structures or appendages for motility. but virus are passively transmitted from one host to another following shedding.

viruses

\_\_\_\_\_\_ particles are formed by de novo assembly from newly synthesized components within host cell NO binary fission or mitosis

Virus

\_\_\_\_\_\_ are not assigned binomial nomenclature (two names) but are grouped into “families” Example: picorna family which is polio virus a common cold and herpes family

Viruses

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ smallest virus that infects human

polio virus

\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the largest virus that inects human

small pox

\_\_\_\_\_\_ largest virus infect amoeba

mimivirus

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ largest non human virus, infect amoeba

potyvirus

Virus has 3 main shapes, which are ______ is Rod shaped Ex. Rabies, SARS corona virus

Helical

Virus has 3 main shapes which is ______ shape: spherical appearance Ex: Papillomaviruses ( HPV

Icosahedral

Virus has 3 main shapes which is ______ (irregular shape) without clear symmetry Ex: Poxvirus, Retroviruses

Complex particles

\_\_\_\_\_ contain Phage genome - d s DNA - s s DNA - s s RNA

Complex viruses

Steps of _____ Replication it's Attachment: random collision * - weak interaction between tip of tail fiber ( attachment proteins) and specific residues (receptors) on the cell surface * - tail pins on the base plate reinforces the attachment step

Phage

Steps of _____ Replication Entry / Penetration : separation of capsid proteins and genome Lysozyme degrades cell wall weaken or break PABA

Phage

Steps of ______ replication it's Lysozyme activation following attachment step results in * i. compression of tail contractile sheath units * ii. tube penetrates through cell wall and membrane, tip opens and phage DNA slips through into cytoplasm

phage

Stage of ______ replication has Pilot protein : present at the base of tube that attaches to DNA, guides phage DNA passage into host cell’s cytoplasm

phage

Stage of _____ replication, it's Synthesis: includes genome replication, transcription and translation * Incoming phage DNA is transcribed and translated into proteins

phage

Stage of _____ replication its transcription and translation initially uses the host cell RNA polymers viral DNA template.

phage

Stage of phage replication ______ phages induced proteins that are not present in an uninfected cell. that includes viral RNA polymers

early protein

Stage of phage replication, _____ includes capsid proteins (capsomeres) tall components and lyzozyme

late proteins

Replication of phage genome _____ and ____ have Phage protein synthesis and genome replication occurs independently

DNA and RNA

\_\_\_\_\_\_ when new virus particles are made following infection of host cell

phage productive infection

\_\_\_\_\_\_ no new virus particle

phage non productive infection

stage of _____ replication, Assembly and packaging complex, orderly sequence of events with self assembly and non enzymatic process

phage

stage of _____ replication, involves capsid and phage genome interaction to form mature, infective phage

phage

\_\_\_\_\_\_ are used in phage, it doesnt become part of virus particles, it gets degraded with the host cell and viral encoded by late protein.

scaffold proteins

Stage of _____ replication, Release / exit. Lysozyme is synthesized at a later stages of productive infection. Lysozyme breaks / loosens cell wall from inside; cell lysis ensues * Early synthesis result in non productive abortive infection

phage

\_\_\_\_\_ and _____ of infection: lyse the host cell they infect * Burst time: period from entry to release of new virons or pentration * Burst size: numbers of virus particles released per infected cell 100-500 virus particles

Lytic phage and lytic cycle

\_\_\_\_\_\_ integration is at specific lotion within host genome that can popout from its own integration site during induction

prophages

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ integration is random in host DNA, is a permanent phenomeuon, no excision

provirus

Latent State and Temperate Phage Life Cycle •\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (lysogenic phages): phage that live in close relationship with host bacterial cells

Temperate phage

Latent State and Temperate Phage Life Cycle \_\_\_\_\_\_\_: phage DNA incorporated at specific position within host cell DNA; becomes part of the bacterial DNA

Prophage

Latent State and Temperate Phage Life Cycle \_\_\_\_\_\_ (lysogen): are prophage carrier cells

Lysogenic cell

Latent State and Temperate Phage Life Cycle \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ when the prophage “switches” from latent infection to lytic pathway

Phage induction

Latent State and Temperate Phage Life Cycle •\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: when prophage brings some new trait to the host cell * Ex: Cornybacterium diptheriae: toxin gene coded by phage genes

Lysogenic conversion

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ includes virulent that contain prohage that encodes the exotoxin diptheria toxin (eEF2) and avirulent

cornybacterium diptheriae

lysogenic conversion are example of _______ and _______ toxin gene is encoded by prophage

Clostridium botulinum and choleratoxin

lysogenic conversion are example of _______ is exotoxin for scarlet fever coded by phage gene.

Streptococcus pyogenes

\_\_\_\_\_\_ leads to non productive infection

defective phages

\_\_\_\_\_ Therapy Advantages: * i. prey on bacteria, never human cells * ii. don’t spread from person to person * iii. bacteria have trouble becoming immune to them * - eliminate resistance

phage

\_\_\_\_\_ therapy challeges Challenges * iii. phages, recognized as “foreign” by immune system; quickly eliminated * iv. more detailed animal and human testing needs to be done

phage

\_\_\_\_\_ therapy challeges Challenges: * iii. phages, recognized as “foreign” by immune system; quickly eliminated iv. more detailed animal and human testing needs to be done

phage