Final Exam: everything Flashcards
(345 cards)
1
Q
______ takes residence in metabolically active cells: depends on host cell for energy, transport pathways, protein synthesis, genome replication and assembly. NEVER ON DEAD HUMANS/PLANTS/ANIMALS
A
viruses
2
Q
disruption of the normal flora as in antibiotic associated pseudomembranous colitis, vaginitis and thrush is due to colonization by _______.
A
clostridum difficle
3
Q
_______ includes haustoria and rhizoids
A
Specialized hyphae
4
Q
Side effects: undesirable effects on the host can manifest as ______, though selective toxicity such as ciprofloxacilin which is limited use in pregnant women and children. it affects cartilage development
A
exhibit toxic effects
5
Q
______ Host unaware of infection; resistance is influenced by,
- presence of other illness ( such as diabetes, immunocompromised condition, pneumonia, HIV AIDS))
- physical or environmental factor
- overcrowding and malnutrition
- individual stress, alcohol, smoking and drug abuse
A
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
6
Q
Steps of _____ Replication Entry / Penetration : separation of capsid proteins and genome
Lysozyme degrades cell wall weaken or break PABA
A
Phage
7
Q
_______ Usually occurs 2 - 8 weeks after exposure. Bacteremia initiates ; skin rash appears on body, often on palms and soles
A
Secondary stage of syphilis
8
Q
______ invade/enter host cells and use the metabolic machine and resources of the host cells to make more copies of themselves.
- host all as hostage
- uses and abuse host cellulor resources
A
Viruses
9
Q
_______ drug combination that are neither antagonistic nor synergistic in action
A
additive
10
Q
________ it’s agent is slow growing from 48 to 72 hours.
A
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
11
Q
______ step 3, bacteria replicate freely within macrophages, gradually killing the phagoctes. bacteria released from dead macrophages are phagocytized by other macrophages, beginning the new cycle
A
primary tuberculosis
12
Q
DNA Virus of ______ is only herpes family member that is aerosole transmitted that causes 2 disease in some individual at two different times.
- Young - Chicken pox (doesnt belong to pox family)
- later in life - Causes shingles (zoster)
A
varicellazoster virus
13
Q
______ dependent RNA polymase compare to DNA dependent, RNA polmerase of host cell
A
RNA
14
Q
______ integration is at specific lotion within host genome that can popout from its own integration site during induction
A
prophages
15
Q
Lethality of _____mainly due to fact that virus targets critical component of immune system CD4, T helper cells and depletes it over time
A
HIV
16
Q
Penicillin allergy, _______ reaction to penicillins is the most important and immediate danger connected with use of this antibiotic in some individuals
A
Acute anaphylactic
17
Q
Tissue distribution, metabolism and excretion of the drug: agents differ with regards to these properties, if you have bacteria infection of the brain or eyes, its a challege to treat because of the __________.
A
blood brain barrier (BBB)
18
Q
stage of _____ replication, Assembly and packaging complex, orderly sequence of events with self assembly and non enzymatic process
A
phage
19
Q
________ unique and aren’t found inside host cell.
A
Viral enzymes:
20
Q
, _______ associated with humans only, transmitted by close contact or fomite sharing
A
anthrophilic
21
Q
________ largest non human virus, infect amoeba
A
potyvirus
22
Q
________ Consequence, increases susceptibility to cancer and infections compromised immunotherapy such as vaccination
A
Immune deficiency
23
Q
theres is two form of sporotrichosis, ________ enters lymphatic system near inoculation site(primary lesion) transform into sec lesion on skin surface and remains.. This one spreads.
A
lymphocutaneous
24
Q
How resistance is acquired and types ?_______ microorganism gets sequestered from antibiotics often temporary change ( loss of cell wall ) renders them non susceptible to antibiotic action
A
non-genetic resistance
25
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_secretes toxins target intestinal epithial cells which becomes pseudomembrane patches that is made of dead cells, pus inflammation and clotted blood
clostridum difficle
26
Virulence factors of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, is Not defined well but indirect observation / evidences indicates
Syphilis/Treponema pallidum
27
Stage of phage replication ______ phages induced proteins that are not present in an uninfected cell. that includes viral RNA polymers
early protein
28
\_\_\_\_\_ includes soil fungi and transmitted via soil exposure or dust
geophilic
29
\_\_\_\_\_ resistant to isoniazid riframpin
MDR
30
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ includes virulent that contain prohage that encodes the exotoxin diptheria toxin (eEF2) and avirulent
cornybacterium diptheriae
31
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Characterized by the appearance of a painless sore called chancre
Primary stage of syphilis
32
PABA that goes through _____ into two pathway
E1, E2, E3 to folic acid
e1, e2, e3 to folic acid (this one is not susceptible)
sulfadrug
33
Penicillin Allergy, 75% of allergic reactions is due to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
penicilloyl haptens
34
\_\_\_\_\_ and _____ of infection: lyse the host cell they infect
* Burst time: period from entry to release of new virons or pentration
* Burst size: numbers of virus particles released per infected cell 100-500 virus particles
Lytic phage and lytic cycle
35
These are antifungal drugs that affects/targets membrane component, for nucleic acid synthesis (poor target), _______ is taken by yeast cells and converted into active inhibitory form, 5 fluorouracil, it inhibits nucleic acid synthesis
flucytosine
36
\_\_\_\_\_\_ diseases previously significant health problems and their incidence had decreased for time period but now once again are major health threats
Tuberculosis Deadly Reemerging ID (RID)
37
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ others, used to take over host cell and convert into a efficient "factory" for virus production; modulate host defense. infected host cell, theyre not the target or thre not under the radar of the defense cell.
viral regulatory proteins
38
\_\_\_\_\_ : non motile, Gr (–) ve diplococci
Virulent forms have virulence factors of,
1. fimbriae
2. capsule
3. extended LPS; avoids MAC mediated lysis
4. iprotease that destroys IgA at mucosal membrane
neisseria gonorrhoeae
39
\_\_\_\_\_\_ when new virus particles are made following infection of host cell
phage productive infection
40
Antibiotics are not effective in \_\_\_\_\_\_, due to hyperimmune response
Tertiary syphilis
41
This is penicillin allergy, Pencillin is degraded into penicilloyl to major, ______ product
abundant
42
\_\_\_\_\_ has spores
Sporangium
43
Ideal Properties of Antibiotics/ Antimicrobial Agents should be ether \_\_\_1\_\_\_, which stop bacteria growth then they are eliminated and \_\_\_2\_\_\_ refer to bacteriolytic which also kills bacteria cell
1. bacteriostatic
2. Cidal
44
In athletes foot, \_\_\_\_\_\_(cutaneous mycoses) uses keratin as nutrient and conlonizes skin, nails and hair. they remains localized in dermis and hypodermis; rarely becomes systemic
dermatophytes (aka ringworm)
45
\_\_\_\_\_\_ particles are formed by de novo assembly from newly synthesized components within host cell
NO binary fission or mitosis
Virus
46
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ fungi grows deep into hypodermis and bone but dont become systemic infection, produce on skin surface lesions
wound mycoses
47
example of superficial mycoses is ________ (due to melassezia furfur) its hyper/hypo pigmentation is due to melanin pigment interference. Versicolor is due to trunk arm area, activation pigment
pityriasis versicolor
48
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ( Flagyl TM ) interferes with DNA synthesis and function selective toxicity only in anaerobic microorganisms becos active form binds to DNA used to treat bacterial vaginosis and C. difficle associated diseases
Metronidazole
49
\_\_\_\_\_\_(Last Choice) causes aplastic anemia
chloramphenicol
50
\_\_\_\_\_ genomic RNA have structural genes and non structural genes
HIV
51
Alternate Practices to Reduce Antibiotic Resistance that the Full course of antibiotic treatment should be \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
followed
52
\_\_\_\_\_\_: a substance that prevents a cell from carrying it’s normal metabolic reaction, are structurally similar to normal used molecules
Antimetabolite
53
Mechanism of Antibiotic Resistance that Alteration of drug target site / enzyme is \_\_\_\_1\_\_\_\_.and \_\_\_2\_\_\_ Ex. DNA gyrase, RNA polymerase
1. Ribosomes
2. Enzymes, Ex.DNA gyrase, RNA polymerase
54
These are antifungal drugs that affects/targets membrane component, for cell division, ______ (synthesized by some fungi) are exact mechanism, it interfere with spinder fibers component (tubulin) and blocks mitotic events. used in treatment of nail and skin fungal infections
gresiofulvin
55
Plasma Membrane Injury mediated mainly by the ________ antibiotics
polypeptide
56
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Cell wall: waxy, mycolic acid contributes to inherent antimicrobial resistance
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
57
\_\_\_\_\_\_ Diagnosis and treatment are Multiple drug therapy; long treatment, drug discontinuation, prime factor for resistant strain emergence MDR and X-MDR strains
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
58
\_\_\_\_\_\_ (aka valley fever) its due to C.immitis, a dimorphic fungi
Coccidioidomycoses(Valley fever)
59
DNA virus of ______ are cold sores above the waist.
herpes simplex I (HSV-I)
60
\_\_\_\_\_\_ Initially occurs on the penis, vagina, or cervix, but can be inside mouth or rectum
Primary stage of syphilis
61
HIV Genomic RNA structural genes of _____ codes for the 2 surface proteins the gp causes synctia formation
Env
62
This is penicillin allergy, Pencillin is degraded into penicilloyl to major, abundant product into a covalently binds with serum proteins that act as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
haptens
63
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ don’t metabolize, respire or grow; they lack basic enzymes for many simple metabolic processes
viruses
64
\_\_\_\_\_\_ Organs affects pulmonary and extra pulmonary TB ( bones, meninges and lymphatic system)
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
65
physicians classify mycoses as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_(in skin) due to onset of CMI(Cellor mediated immune) response.
cutaneous
66
Gonorrhea is Acute infection, incubation period 2-5 days; in \_\_\_\_1\_\_ is asymptomatic; 25 % of \_\_1\_\_ suffer from Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
1.females
67
In _________ arthroconidia germinate in alveoli forms spherules which matures and creates spores(multiples divisions) then releases into neighboring tissues which inhitiates new cycle.
Coccidioidomycoses(Valley fever)
68
physicians classify mycoses as ______ affecting many systems and spread throughout body
systemic
69
Replication of phage genome _____ and ____ have Phage protein synthesis and genome replication occurs independently
DNA and RNA
70
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ transmission during primary or secondary stages of infection is usually fatal to the fetus
Congenital syphilis
71
The Specialized hyphae that includes _____ are associated with parasitic fungi (associate w/ fungal infection), **gentle** nature of hyphae
Haustoria
72
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are segment of hyphae which obtains nutrition
vegetative hyphae
73
\_\_\_\_\_ Aging process radiation/chemotherpy or drug. infects agent like HIV measle tuberculosis. malnutriotion and stress o corticosteriod are toxic to T-cell
Acquired immune deficiency
(secondary immune deficiency)
74
This is penicillin allergy, Pencillin is degraded into penicilloyl to major, abundant product into a covalently binds with serum proteins that act as haptens will trigger ______ reactions
IgE mediated
75
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ transmission is High risk of sharing needle, tattos and body piercing if instrument are not sterile.
HIV
76
polymerization due to tubulin assembly extension of \_\_\_\_\_\_
spindle fibers
77
\_\_\_\_\_\_ Low virulence dose: 100 cells can cause infection
Neisseria gonorrhoea
78
Often, another drug use may have a toxic effect that is not there when the _____ is taken alone Also, one drug may neutralize the intended effect of the other
1st drug (meaning 1 drug at a time)
79
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ when bacterial cells are carried inside macrophages via blood and lymph to other sites ( bone marrow, kidneys, spleen and CNS)
Disseminated tuberculosis
80
\_\_\_\_\_\_ are not assigned binomial nomenclature (two names) but are grouped into "families"
Example: picorna family which is polio virus a common cold and herpes family
Viruses
81
\_\_\_\_\_\_ after Diagnosis: confirmed by sputum culture and chest X ray (tubercles)
Tuberculin test:
82
Ideal Properties of Antibiotics/ Antimicrobial Agents should be \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, be able to penetrate host tissue and reach microbial colony and must be effective at low, non toxic concentration to host
bio-available
83
outside of the cytoplasm, ______ forms aggregates in cell membrane with ergosterol, leading to pores that cause leakage of cellular contents
Amphotercin B
84
\_\_\_\_\_ contain
Phage genome
- d s DNA
- s s DNA
- s s RNA
Complex viruses
85
2 classes of hyphae depending on the presence of septa (cross wall) are \_\_\_\_1\_\_\_ and \_\_\_2\_\_\_\_
1. septate hyphae
2. coenocytic hyphae
86
\_\_\_\_\_\_ : an agent that affects physiology
drug
87
\_\_\_\_\_\_ In men’s, (specifically MSM ) the bacteria can lead to proctitis gingivitis and pharygitis inflammation of the rectum area
* directly transmitted; sensitive to dryness and cold
* NO animal reservoir
* disease of humans only; more sexual partners neonatal opthelmia gonorrhoea
Neisseria gonorrhoea
88
MSM means
male sex male
89
Latent State and Temperate Phage Life Cycle
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ when the prophage "switches" from latent infection to lytic pathway
Phage induction
90
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_(superficial mycoses) immune compromised individual, infection can be systemic (all across of the body)
pityriasis versicolor
91
Gornorrhea is Acute infection, incubation period 2-5 days; symptomatic infection in ______ symptomatic; painful urination and purulent discharge
males
92
Combination of antimicrobials must exhibit some effect such as ______ contains sulfomethoxazole and trimethoprim which is given for UTI and AIDS patents
Septra/bactrim
93
\_\_\_1\_\_\_ slow growing , survives for a few generation, can crosses placenta and infects fetus causes congenital \_\_\_\_1\_\_\_\_ to the baby
1.Syphilis/Treponema pallidum
94
\_\_\_\_\_\_ genetic material (aka genome) is ether DNA or RNA (never both) packaged inside with limited codin. Is the reasons why its so dependent on host cells for replication.
Viruses
95
\_\_\_\_\_\_ antimicrobial agent synthesized in laboratory.
Ex: Isoniazid, sulfa drugs
Synthetic drug:
96
\_\_\_\_\_ has become Worldwide strains have become increasingly resistant to common antibiotics because of the R plasmid acquired
Neisseria gonorrhoea
97
\_\_\_\_\_ killed by drying / chilling, disinfectants, soaps; sensitive to O2 conc, pH changes etc
Syphilis/Treponema pallidum
98
Virus have _______ viral proteins which includes structral proteins and non structural proteins which includes enzymes unique to virus and regulator protein.
Genome encodes
99
\_\_\_\_: inserted into bacterial cytoplasmic membrane, which is useful in treatment of some Gr (+) ve bacteria resistant to other drugs ; not so effective against Gr (-)ve bacteria( because of the outermembrane)
Daptomycin
100
\_\_\_\_\_\_ (First Aid ointment) toxic to kidneys; so not useful for systemic use
polymyxin B :
101
\_\_\_\_\_\_ (Mycoses) mainly associates with opportunist infection, meaning when body is low defenses.
fungal diseases
102
\_\_\_\_\_ more aggressive common in developed nation
HIV l
103
\_\_\_\_\_\_ projects above the surface; bears reproductive spores
aerial hyphae
104
\_\_\_\_\_ has No vaccine yet; long term immunity can’t be established.
Neisseria gonorrhoea
105
Some \_\_1\_\_\_\_ can be cured, others cannot
* Can cause embarrassment, compromised health, pain, infertility and even death !!
* Half of all \_\_\_1\_\_\_ in U.S. are believed to occur amongst 15 - to 24 year-olds
* Most \_\_1\_\_\_ are preventable (condom)
1.STI
106
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ reverse transcription to DNA nucleotid sequence following infection whch integrate the product of reverse transcription into host genomic DNA within 48-72 hours of infection.
viral RNA genome
107
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is lateral evolution, due to R plasmid
horizontal evolution
108
Virulence factors of _______ ,Glycocalyx : protects the bacteria from phagocytosis by defense cells
Syphilis/Treponema pallidum
109
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ consequences, prolongs infection
Antibiotic Resistance
110
\_\_\_\_\_\_ use is restricted in DR + MDR, Inhibits ATP synthesis tit's action and FDA 2013
Betaqiline
111
\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the largest virus that inects human
small pox
112
Fungi have _______ that can germinate and develop into a new hyphae and mycelium
- Male Hyphae : has + nucleus
- Female Hyphae: has -nucleus
- Membrane fusion (of male & female)—\>nucleus fusion (karyogammy) —\> nucleus then form zygospore 2N chromosomes (equivalent to zygote) —\> undergo meiosis —\> form fruiting bodies containing N spores
—\> Fruiting bodies: Sporangium of Rhizopus fungi - release spores and columella remain.
unusual reproductive modes (sexual & asexual)
113
\_\_\_\_\_\_ less aggressive common in afrrican nation but more death
HIV ll
114
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is longitudinal evolution, due to mutation in chromosomal DNA and advantageous to bacteria for survival
vertical evolution
115
Cell wall acting antibiotics of B-lactam, \_\_\_\_\_\_, to semisynthetic penicillins, cephaloporins, monobactams and carbepenemes
lactamse resistant
116
\_\_\_\_\_ particles are Genome RNA, Capsid, Envelope, t-RNA, Enzymes, spike and matrix
HIV
117
Antibiotic safety:prescribing antibiotic often involves assessing risk and benefits in the term of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
therapeutic index
118
Virulence factors of \_\_\_\_\_\_, some proteins that facilitates adherence to epithelial cells
Syphilis/Treponema pallidum
119
Latent State and Temperate Phage Life Cycle
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: phage DNA incorporated at specific position within host cell DNA; becomes part of the bacterial DNA
Prophage
120
Transmission of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
* sexual contacts ( major mode),
* blood transfusion ( rare, but have been reported)
* Primarily from open lesions to mucous membranes of the vagina, oral cavity, anus or via cuts / abrasions on the skin
* - accomplished by penile - vaginal, oral- genital, oral- anal, or genital - anal contacts
Syphilis/Treponema pallidum
121
\_\_\_\_\_\_ orginate and mature in bonemarrow
B-Cells
122
Lethality of ____ individual develops weakened immune system; susceptible to opportunistic pathogens
HIV
123
\_\_\_\_\_\_ mode of actions, Blocking protein synthesis: due to structural differences of ribosomes (70S vs 80S)
Antibiotics mode of actions
124
\_\_\_\_\_\_ is yeast like forms(psudohyl) hyphae
dimorphic fungi
125
Spectrum of activity of \_\_\_\_\_\_, when antimicrobial action is limited to few microbe sps
Ex: Isoniazid affects only Mycobacterium sps and vancomycin
Narrow spectrum
126
\_\_\_\_\_ is commonly observed during prolonged or board spectrum treatment, it alters food taste and affects appetite
Oropharyngeal candidiasis(aka thrush)
127
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_(aka thrush) due to yeast or candidiasis, it targets skin and mucous membrane of mouth throat, osophagus and vagina.
Oropharyngeal candidiasis(aka thrush)
128
\_\_\_\_\_\_ are used in phage, it doesnt become part of virus particles, it gets degraded with the host cell and viral encoded by late protein.
scaffold proteins
129
\_\_\_\_\_\_ specimen's from oral cavity cant be tested, its false positive reult due to oral spirochete
syphilis
130
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ inhibits RNA synthesis binds and blocks prokaryotic RNA polymerase activity, Effective against Mycobacterium
Rifamycins :
131
\_\_\_\_\_\_ Re-emergence partially due to
* HIV / AIDS epidemic
* Complicated immunodeficiency ( viral or otherwise) aggravates risk of progression from latent to active TB
* anti TB drugs slowed spread for some time
* drug resistant and MDR forms emerged due to discontinuance of anti TB drugs
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
132
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Substance produced naturally in minute quantity by some microbes that has the potency to inhibit growth or kill other microorganisms.
Antibiotics
133
\_\_\_\_\_causes wound site forms **Nodules(hard sub surface)** with time **lesion worses become ulcerated with pus**, then releases **spores and hyphae** then mitigates spread to other tissues which results **permanent deformity**
Mycetomas
134
Stage of ______ replication has Pilot protein : present at the base of tube that attaches to DNA, guides phage DNA passage into host cell’s cytoplasm
phage
135
Cell wall acting antibiotics of B-lactam, ______ to penicillin group
lactamase sensitive
136
Misconceptions against _____ in Gay Men's and AIDS epidermic is under control
HIV
137
\_\_\_\_\_\_ caused by soil fungi, tumor like infection of skin, facia and bones; slow growing.
Mycetomas
138
some _______ are parasites cell wall made of chitin(target for antifungal agents) is present.
fungi
139
\_\_\_\_ and ____ recombine to form/evolve a novel virus particle. meaning new virus human never experince (way in the future)
PERV and HERV
140
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ child suffers from mental retardation along with organ failures with rashes typical of secondary stage
In latent stage
141
Mechanism of Antibiotic Resistance that Prevent antibiotic from reaching it’s target site / decreased uptake is Alteration of the membrane transport \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
proteins/porins
142
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ fastiduous, motile spirochete with glycocalyx
Syphilis/Treponema pallidum
143
Latent State and Temperate Phage Life Cycle
•\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: when prophage brings some new trait to the host cell
* Ex: Cornybacterium diptheriae: toxin gene coded by phage genes
Lysogenic conversion
144
\_\_\_\_\_ are long structure with cells but no cross wall
coenocytic hyphae
145
\_\_\_\_ are present in All fungi
- digest damaged cells
- helps parasitic fungi to invade host
lysosomes
146
Alternate Practices to Reduce Antibiotic Resistanc is the Use of antibiotic should be \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
restricted
147
Alternate Practices to Reduce Antibiotic Resistance is the _______ should be performed prior to initiation of antibiotic treatment
Sensitivity tests
148
Latent State and Temperate Phage Life Cycle
\_\_\_\_\_\_ (lysogen): are prophage carrier cells
Lysogenic cell
149
\_\_\_\_\_\_ injections are effective against primary, seconday and latent syphilis
Penicillin G
150
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ step 1, Mycobacterium typically infect the respiratory tract via inhalation of respiratory droplets from infected individuals
Primary tuberculosis
151
These are antifungal drugs that affects/targets membrane component, for cell wall synthesis, ______ is used for candida and aspergillosis treatment that interferes with fungal cell wall synthesis
Echinocandins
152
This is penicillin allergy, Pencillin is degraded into other breakdown product to ______ product
minor
153
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is due to hemoglobin breakdown product deposited on tongue papillal which is due to metronidazole intakes
black hairy tongue
154
Stage of _____ replication, it's Synthesis: includes genome replication, transcription and translation
* Incoming phage DNA is transcribed and translated into proteins
phage
155
Mechanism of Antibiotic Resistance that Rapid efflux of the drug, which Pumps the drug out of the cell before it can become \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
effective
156
Combination of antimicrobials must exhibit some effect such as ______ is a two drugs given simultaneously, antimicrobial effect is greater than either given alone
* Ex:
* Streptomycin(enter easily composition of urine)
* penicillin(weaken the cell wall)
synergism
157
These are antifungal drugs that affects/targets membrane component, which is ______ that includes clotrimazole and miconazole, **it inhibit** **ergosterol synthesis**; interfere in the synthetic pathway. the active componenet of medications to treat localized, superficial yeast infection.
azoles
158
Ideal Properties of Antibiotics/ Antimicrobial Agents has \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which means lowest dose toxic to the patient divided by High Tl and Low Tl.
Therapeutic index
159
DNA Virus of _______ is gential herpes, below the waist
Herpes simplex II (HSV-II)
160
\_\_\_\_\_\_ humans are the only hosts; NO animal reservoir
Syphilis/Treponema pallidum
161
\_\_\_\_\_\_ prefers to grow at acidic pH (5 or lower) in high salt
fungi
162
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ cannot be elimated
Provirus
163
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (BCG vaccine) is use M.bovis as alternate cell vaccines which always come out positive after PPD test, so they discontinued this vaccine
Calmette
164
\_\_\_\_\_\_ step 5, other cells deposit collagen fibers, enclosing infected macrophages and lung cells within the tubercle. inected cells in the center die. releasing M. tuberculosis and producing caseous necrosis the death of tissue that takes on a cheese like consistancy due to protein and fat released from dying cells,\. A stalemate between the bacterium and the body's defenses develops
Primary Tuberculosis
165
physicians classify mycoses as ______ in hypodermis and muscle or bones
wound/subcutaneous
166
Route of administration:can be internal route such as _______ via needle or catheter can attain high concentration for limited time, directly to blood stream into liver
Intravascular
167
\_\_\_\_\_\_ Functions in 2 ways:
* competitive inhibition of enzymes
* Ex: sulfanilamide and other sulfa drugs
* –by being erroneously incorporated into molecules like nucleic acids
* Ex: azidothymidine ( we’ll discuss later in HIV drugs )
Antimetabolite
168
Route of administration:can be internal route such as _______ slow diffusion via blood vessels
* Disadvantage: high concentration can’t be achieved
Intramuscularly:
169
physicians classify mycoses as ______ when restricted on surface of nails, hairs and outer skin layer.
superficial
170
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Not associated with direct effects of thespirochete but is complication of inflammation + a hyperimmune respones
Tertiary syphilis
171
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ collections of signs and symptoms of disease associated with a common pathology
syndrome
172
\_\_\_\_\_ binds to the cell phospholipids; disrupts membrane structure alters membrane permeability cellulor content leak out and die
* limited to topical applications
Polymixin B
173
the specialized hyphae that includes ______ are associated with saprophytic fungi (suck up nutrient from non-living objects), **aggressive** nature of hyphae
rhizoids
174
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ occurs 10 - 20 years post initial infection and other symptoms may include heart failure, blindness, paralysis, skin ulcers along with severe mental disturbance due to CNS destruction and personality changes
Tertiary syphilis
175
\_\_\_\_\_\_ grows as mycelium in soil and produces asexual spores(arthoconidia) that germinates to form mycelia.
Coccidioidomycoses(Valley fever)
176
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are heterotrophs and saprophytes
fungi
177
\_\_\_\_\_ are individual cells are separated from one another by septa - microscopic openings (woronin bodies), most of nutrient p/u by vegetative move upward to aerial hyphae , mobilizes cellular resources right to the point of growth (aerial hyphae)
septate hyphae
178
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ After 1 year in the latent stage, infected individuals typically fails to transmit the infection to partners. pregnant women can still transfer and infect their babies / fetus
Latent phase of syphilis infection
179
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ highly mutable virus, reverse transcript lack proof read and activity constant change in surface antigen composition.
AIDS
180
\_\_1\_\_\_ syndrome with many other complications \_\_\_1\_\_\_is caused by HIV, a retrovirus
1st reported in 1981 in LA, NY and SF
1.AIDS
181
Virus has 3 main shapes, which are ______ is Rod shaped
Ex. Rabies, SARS corona virus
Helical
182
\_\_\_\_\_\_ forms Calcium complex, limits availability
tetracycline
183
theres is two form of sporotrichosis, ________ appears as painless, nodular lesion at site and gets filled with pus; don't spread.
fixed sporotrichosis
184
Cell wall acting antibiotics to ______ and \_\_\_\_
B-lactam and Non-Blactam
185
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ step 3 inected macrophages present antigen to T lymphoctes, which produce lymphokines that attract and activates more macrophages and trigger inflammation. tightly packed macrophages surround the site of infection, forming a tubercle over two to three month period
primary tuberculosis
186
\_\_\_1\_\_\_\_ have a filamentous body (mycelium); and the individual filament is called \_\_\_2\_\_\_\_
1. Fungi
2. hypha (pl hyphae)
187
For _______ CDC recommendation intake of both illuoroquinolones and cephalosporins
Neisseria gonorrhoea
188
\_\_\_\_\_\_ largest virus infect amoeba
mimivirus
189
Mechanism of Antibiotic Resistance are Survival and multiplication of a _____ variety
mutant
190
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ has NO fomite mediated transmission if it's dry,
but Only if toilet seat coverd by human body fluid(wet) can be transmitted.
Syphilis/Treponema pallidum
191
\_\_\_\_\_\_s are susceptible to penicillinase (β lactamase) which cleaves the β lactam ring ; antibiotic is inactivated and bacteria grows in the presence of antibiotic
Natural penicillin
192
for virus, ______ can cross species barrier and they do so constantly such as zonotic viruses and rabies virus
viral inection
193
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Primary, reactivated ( secondary), latent and disseminated TB
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
194
\_\_\_\_\_\_ soil is the natural habitat; transmitted as mycetomas pathogen higher risk of infection is noted amongst avid gardeners, farmers and artisans who work with natural plant materials.
sporotrichosis (aka rose gardner disease)
195
\_\_\_\_\_\_ Transmission: vehicles include, semen, vaginal and rectal fluid ( major modes), breast milk transfusion of infected blood, clotting factors or IgG
HIV
196
\_\_\_\_\_\_ time it takes to eliminate one half of the original antibiotic dose in serum
* some antibiotics ( like Penicillin is 6 hours) have short half life
* additionally liver dysfunction / kidney disease, dose needs to be adjusted accordingly becos associated with slow metabolism and excretion of the drug
Half life
197
HIV genomic RNA has _____ genes that are Gag, Pol and Env
Structural genes
198
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ lesion progressively worsens and becomes tumor like and extensive if untreated
chromoblastomycoses
199
Stage of _____ replication its transcription and translation initially uses the host cell RNA polymers viral DNA template.
phage
200
\_\_\_1\_\_\_\_ Approx 15% of individuals who don’t receive treatment transitions to \_\_\_1\_\_syphilis
1.Tertiary syphilis
201
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ typically doesn’t hurt or itch; lesions are filled with contagious bacteria. can be transmitted via skin break. Patient may have flu like symptoms (mild fever, sore throat, headache etc )
Secondary stage of syphilis
202
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ consequences,
causes higher mortality rates
Antibiotic Resistance
203
lysogenic conversion are example of _______ and _______ toxin gene is encoded by prophage
Clostridium botulinum and choleratoxin
204
\_\_\_\_\_ orginate in bone marrow, mature in thymes
T-Cells
205
Penicillin Allergy, 25% of reactions is due to other \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
breakdown products
206
influenza virus, common cold virus and zikka virus which is transmitted by mosquitos are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
RNA genome
207
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ carry 6-7 genes ; each confers resistance to different antibiotics, they can be transferred / acquired by one of the many genetic exchange processes (transduction or conjugation)
R Plasmid
208
Mechanism of Antibiotic Resistance that inactivation or destruction of the drug is \_\_\_\_\_\_
β lactamase
209
Ideal Properties of Antibiotics/ Antimicrobial Agents should be \_\_\_\_\_\_, should be stable in body fluids and exhibit therapeutic effect,
* not degraded by stomach acids
* antibiotics prone to inactivation in gastric environment should be given via i v / i m route
Stability
210
\_\_\_\_\_\_: have narrow spectrum of activity, unstable in stomach acid environment; in contrast Pen V is stable and better absorbed
Natural penicillins
211
\_\_\_\_\_\_ step 2 macrophages in alveoli phagocytize mycobacteria but are unable to digest them, in part because the bacterium inhibits fusion of lysosomes to endocytic vesicles
Primary tuberculosis
212
Therapeutic index of _______ is less toxic to patients because they target unque structure point of bacteria cell.
High Tl
213
\_\_\_\_\_\_ interferes with the lnking enzymes and NAM subunits remain unttached to their neighbors, then the cell burst from osmotic pressure because the integrity of peptidoglycan is not maintained.
pencillin
214
\_\_\_\_\_\_ life long infectiousness 15-25 years due to the latene established because of the provirus.
AIDS
215
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ impairs balancing sense ; may cause irreversible deafness
streptomycin
216
Factors contributing to \_\_\_1\_\_\_
* •Multiple sexual partners
* •Sex without protection or condom
* •Increased use of oral contraceptives (?) less likely to use condom
* •Lack of information about \_\_\_1\_\_ in young people
* Many \_\_\_1\_\_ do not have obvious symptoms!!!
1. STI
217
\_\_\_\_\_ lacks structures or appendages for motility. but virus are passively transmitted from one host to another following shedding.
viruses
218
\_\_\_\_\_\_ should be given antibiotics that are considered safe as recommended by FDA. there should be no / minimal risk to the developing fetus
Pregnant women
219
Therapeutic index of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, need to be monitored carefully so does not to react toxic level
Low Tl
220
majority of ____ are aerobes or facultative anerobes (except yeast) and few are obligate anaerobes
fungi
221
\_\_\_\_\_\_ is common in moist areas; equally distributed amongst tropics an subtropics.
sporotrichosis (aka rose gardner disease)
222
\_\_\_\_\_\_ no risk or minimal risk associated with social kissing/hugging, toilet seat sharing and insect bite
HIV
223
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ can be observed in fresh discharge from lesions. it need to be immediately viewed under dark microscope and normally don’t survive in transport media
syphilis
224
\_\_\_\_\_ is diagnos by MHA-TP (microhemaglutinin assay fortreponema pallidum)
Syphilis
225
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a virulence factors which is slow growth of the bacteria that secretes cord factor, toxic to maimalia cells, mutant bacteria with no cord factor secretions
dissemiated tuberculosis
226
antibiotics \_\_\_\_\_1\_\_ Acquired ability to resist or block antibiotic action to which it is normally susceptible less drug used, controls evolution of \_\_\_1\_\_\_\_ development
1. resistance
227
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ integration is random in host DNA, is a permanent phenomeuon, no excision
provirus
228
Combination of antimicrobials must exhibit some effect such as \_\_\_\_\_\_, is a two drugs when given simultaneously, their action interfere with each other
* Ex:
* Tetracycline ( bacteriostatic)
* penicillin ( bacteriocidal, acts on growing cells, disrupting peptidoglycan) which means pushing and pulling
Antagonism
229
HIV genomic RNA have _______ genes which has a regulatory proteion and asscessory protein
non structural genes
230
\_\_\_\_\_\_ leads to non productive infection
defective phages
231
HIV genomic RNA have Non structural genes which has a ________ is essential for replication
regulatory proteion
232
\_\_\_\_\_\_ has 2 common features, 2. all exit and are shedded to betransmitted into new host
Viruses
233
depolymerization of tubulin subunits shortening of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
spindle fibers
234
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ smallest virus that infects human
polio virus
235
HIV Genomic RNA structural genes of _____ is group specfic antigen makes viral ucleocapsid.
Gag
236
\_\_\_\_\_\_ facilitates fungi entry protective clothing and shoes minmizes / reduces infection risk.
Mycetomas
237
Fungi of the individual filament is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, are well adapted to aobsorb food, such as high surface to volume ratio and releases enymes to breakdown foodl also acts as a repellant.
hypha (pl hyphae)
238
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_(superficial mycoses) is a dimorphic fungil feeds on the sebum(uses as nutrient) and makes keratinase.
pityriasis versicolor
239
\_\_\_\_\_\_ prevention mainly by Bacillus Calmette and Guerrin(BCG) vaccine is limited to high risk individual (health care workers
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
240
STI in ______ is Asymptomantic
female
241
\_\_\_\_\_\_ has 2 common features, 1. all enter + replicate inside to make more copies of themselves
Viruses
242
Alternate Practices to Reduce Antibiotic Resistance that the Use of left over or someone’s else antibiotics should be strongly \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
discouraged
243
Spectrum of activity of \_\_\_\_\_\_, agent targets microbes(Gram negative) from both taxonomic groups of bacteria which is critical in many life threatening situations
board spectrum
244
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ no cell free cultivation medium but can be grown in rapid testescle
Syphilis/Treponema pallidum
245
Virus has 3 main shapes which is ______ (irregular shape) without clear symmetry
Ex: Poxvirus, Retroviruses
Complex particles
246
\_\_\_\_\_\_ mode of actions, Nucleic acid synthesis inhibition: targets enzymes
Antibiotics mode of actions
247
Route of administration:can be internal route such as _______ simple, no needle or provider’s help
* Disadvantage: don’t follow time table
Orally
248
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ antimicrobial agent part synthesized in lab and part synthesized in microbe.
Ex: doxycycline, methcillin, ampicillin, amoxycillin
Semisynthetic antibiotic
249
\_\_\_\_\_\_ in children's causes blindness
* bacteria in pus discharge from an inflammed penis
* ii. available genetic probes are accurate, quick in confirming the bacteria in clinical samples
Neisseria gonorrhoea
250
stage of _____ replication, involves capsid and phage genome interaction to form mature, infective phage
phage
251
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ interwoven polymers of glucans, chitins and various proteins
fungal cell wall
252
yellow or green color ish on the teeth is cause by \_\_\_\_\_\_
tetracycline
253
Steps of _____ Replication it's Attachment: random collision
* - weak interaction between tip of tail fiber ( attachment proteins) and specific residues (receptors) on the cell surface
* - tail pins on the base plate reinforces the attachment step
Phage
254
In the cytoplasm, ____ blocks biosynthesis of ergosterol, a sterol needed for cell membrane stability.
azoles
255
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ have broader specificity, have improved coverage and effectiveness against a wide range of organisms, including most streptococcal and staphylococcal species, aerobic gram-negative organisms, and many anaerobic organisms
Semisynthetic penicillins
256
\_\_\_\_\_ Therapy
Advantages:
* i. prey on bacteria, never human cells
* ii. don’t spread from person to person
* iii. bacteria have trouble becoming immune to them
* - eliminate resistance
phage
257
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ consequences, delays recovery time, increases hospital and health care costs
antibiotic resistance
258
\_\_\_\_\_\_ Characterized by NO observable symptoms ( asymptomatic phase) can last for years !!
Latent phase of syphilis infection
259
Non β lactams of ______ binds to terminal amino acid of the tetrapeptide chain
* prevents cross linking ; weakens cell wall
* not effective against Gram (-)ve bacterial cells
* poorly absorbed
Vancomycin
260
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ acquired by contract with hyphae or fungal spores or with shared objects
superficial mycoses
261
HIV Genomic RNA structural genes of _____ codes for viral enzymes
pol
262
\_\_\_\_\_\_ human Papillone virus (HPV) are herpes family
DNA Virus
263
\_\_\_\_\_\_ yeast form at body's temperature(pathogenic form) enters body via inhalation of arthoconidia, begins as generalized inection, then spreads to rest of body
Coccidioidomycoses(Valley fever)
264
\_\_\_\_\_\_ no new virus particle
phage non productive infection
265
Mechanism of Antibiotic Resistance that Development of alternate biochemical pathways common amongst the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_resistant strains which abandon sensitive steps
sulfonamide
266
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ when immune sys fails to provide required protection
Immune deficiency
267
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Clinical manifestations are observed as, Gummas which is painful rubbery lesion on bone, muscle, skin. nervous tissue
Tertiary syphilis
268
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ have common ones which are chromoblastomycoses, mycetoma and sporotrichosis
wound mycoses
269
How resistance is acquired and types ? _____ mainly due to R plasmids
extrachromosomal resistance :
270
In \_\_\_\_\_\_, sugar in slight moist environment and relative humidity of 70% or more
fungi
271
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is once its infected, it invades body tissues eventually abrasions (scrapes) and prick wound (punctures) by sharp twigs, thorns.
Mycetomas
272
the Advantages of \_\_\_1\_\_\_\_
1. is more affective against Gram negative bacteria cell,(Compared to gram postive)
2. longer lasting with extended half life,
3. easier to adminstor (compared to the natural \_\_\_\_1\_\_\_)
1.antibiotics
273
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ colonizes intestines of individual whose normal microflora being eliminated or distruped by antimicrobial chemotherapy (cramps, blood diarria)
clostridum difficle
274
8% of our ____ contains these relics of ancient retroviruses
DNA
275
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are associated with animals; transmitted via close contact or through contaminated leather, wool, feather
zoophilic
276
Stage of phage replication, _____ includes capsid proteins (capsomeres) tall components and lyzozyme
late proteins
277
Syphilis has 3 defined clinical stages: each with unique features \_\_\_1\_\_\_, \_\_\_2\_\_\_ and \_\_3\_\_\_\_
primary, seconday and tertiary
278
\_\_\_\_\_\_ mode of actions, Plasma membrane injury: disruption of it’s function / integrity
Antibiotics mode of actions
279
\_\_\_\_\_\_ when bacterial cells breaks the deadlock and ruptures the tubercle and restablish an active infection, common in immunocompromised individuals
Secondary tuberculosis
280
\_\_\_\_\_ is
* high mortality and morbidity
* extended asymptomatic stage
AIDS
281
\_\_\_\_\_\_ is non lethal mycolic acid is presence, it retain H2O and restrict antibotics which resistance to dehydration and dessication. bacteria retain its H2O
disseminated tuberculosis
282
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ plays role in placenta devolop and fusion. they dont make particular
HERV (human endogenous retroviral sequences)
283
\_\_\_\_\_ inflammation with fibrous tissue forms along with abscess in surrounding tissues
chromoblastomycoses
284
Non β lactams of ______ inhibits peptidoglycan precursors (NAG and NAM)
* transport across membrane
* toxic, restricted for topical applications (first aid ointment)
Bacitracin
285
STI in ______ is symptomantic
male
286
A example of cutaneous mycoses aka ringworm caused by _____ that invades skin and activate CMI; in turn damages deeper tissues
dermatophytes (aka ringworm)
287
\_\_\_\_\_\_ particles with a protein coat and genetic material; protein coat call capsids that protects genetic material
viruses
288
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ consequences, needs more expensive and less effective toxic medications to cure infection
Antibiotic Resistance
289
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is difficult to diagnose, as it miics other diseases
Tertiary syphilis
290
Virus has ______ which makes virus particle ( interior and exterior) functions in one of the following ways:
* i. attachment
* ii. protecting viral nucleic acid
* iii. modification of host cell
Structural proteins
291
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ from birth B. cell Tcells thymes absence.
Congenital immune deficiency
(primary immune deficiency)
292
\_\_\_\_\_\_ Generally, heals without treatment within
3 - 6 weeks
Primary stage of syphilis
293
\_\_\_\_\_ therapy challeges
Challenges
* iii. phages, recognized as "foreign" by immune system; quickly eliminated
* iv. more detailed animal and human testing needs to be done
phage
294
\_\_\_\_\_\_ In women’s attaches to receptors on non ciliated, mucosal epithelial cells
* attaches to cervix (of uterus) but not vaginal wall
* hitch hikes on sperm cells to uterine tube and cause PID
* chronic infection can lead to scarring of the uterine tube with consequent of entopic pregancy and sterility
* also infects urethra + cause inflammatory
Neisseria gonorrhoea
295
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ has 9 million new cases each year, its a globle health problem
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
296
the treatment for \_\_\_\_\_\_\_(superficial mycoses) is antifungal imidazoles, you apply on the affect area.
pityriasis versicolor
297
The enzyme for penicilin to penicillionic is \_\_\_\_\_
B lactamase/penicillinase
298
\_\_\_\_\_\_ (aka rose gardner disease) is due to dimorphic fungi limited to subcutaneous infection of the arm and leg; no systemic infection.
sporotrichosis (aka rose gardner disease)
299
Penicillin allergy, \_\_1\_\_ and \_\_\_2\_\_ determinant refers to the frequency with which antibodies to these haptens appears / forms rather than the severity of the reactions.
1. Major
2. minor
300
Virulence factors of _______ ,hyaluronidase secretion helps to infiltrate intercellular spaces
Syphilis/Treponema pallidum
301
\_\_\_\_\_\_ mode of actions, Inhibition of cell wall synthesis : targets peptidoglycan
Antibiotics mode of actions
302
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ code for enzymes that chemically modify the antibiotics
R Plasmid
303
Spectrum of activity of \_\_\_\_\_\_, Disadvantages which they disturb normal microflora which normal flora prevents pathogen colonization, competiting for space attachment site nutrients O2 available. which causes super infection ; opens doors to transient pathogens
board spectrum
304
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ has two types
* Acquired immune deficiency (secondary immune deficiency
* Congenital immune deficiency (primary immune deficiency)
Immune deficiency
305
Route of administration:can be via external or internal route such as \_\_\_1\_\_\_: applied on skin directly and \_\_2\_\_\_\_\_ administered via orally or intramuscularly
1. Topical / local application
2. Internal
306
Stage of _____ replication, Release / exit. Lysozyme is synthesized at a later stages of productive infection. Lysozyme breaks / loosens cell wall from inside; cell lysis ensues
* Early synthesis result in non productive abortive infection
phage
307
\_\_\_\_\_\_ transplant into human
PERV (pigs/porcine family)
Porcine endogenous retrovirus genome
308
Alternate Practices to Reduce Antibiotic Resistance which is Indiscriminate use should be ______ ( combination with alcoholic drinks, coffee and narcotics )
curtailed
309
HIV genomic RNA have Non structural genes which has a ________ that enchances replication and/or infectivity
asscessory protein
310
These are antifungal drugs that affects/targets membrane component, which is ________ that includes amphotericin and nystatin, it **binds to ergosterol componen**t, results in leaking membrane. its very toxic; limited use in life threatening condition
polyenes
311
\_\_\_\_1\_\_\_ are one which can grow as both yeast like (unicellular) or as mycelia; human pathogenic fungi are \_\_\_\_1\_\_\_
dimorphic
312
Side effects: undesirable effects on the host can manifest as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, e.g. penicillin allergy 300 deaths / year; with fever, rash and / or anaphylactic shock
trigger of allergic reactions:
313
lysogenic conversion are example of _______ is exotoxin for scarlet fever coded by phage gene.
Streptococcus pyogenes
314
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ An infection that can be transmitted through sexual interaction (not just intercourse!)
STI
315
Ideal Properties of Antibiotics/ Antimicrobial Agents should be \_\_\_\_\_\_, drug action on various pathogens that varies, either broad or narrow spectrum
Spectrum of activity
316
Ideal Properties of Antibiotics/ Antimicrobial Agents is \_\_\_\_\_\_, harm the microbe without significant damage to the host, shouldn’t be influenced by food or disease status
Selective toxicity
317
\_\_\_\_\_\_ infect all life forms and are responsible for a variety of infectious diseases; can profoundly alter host cell behavior. it can cause the cell to be tumor or cancerous.
virus
318
\_\_\_\_ Best described as obligate intracellular parasites
* provide example of "cellular hijackers"
Viruses
319
\_\_\_\_\_\_: varied functions, some are used to selectively turn on / off viral gene expression
. Viral regulatory proteins
320
\_\_\_\_\_\_ secrete antibodies present at mucosal surface
IgA
321
\_\_\_\_\_ Great imitator disease;
* Worldwide distribution; occurs in many forms
* Approx 12 millions individuals are infected each year;
* endemic amongst sex workers, MSM and drug users
322
Viruses _____ is made of subunit capsomers/capsomeres
capsids
323
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the trademark for isonictinic acid which is effective against M. tuberculosis
isoniazid
324
\_\_\_\_\_\_ center contains heavy load of spirochetes along with serum. Lesion usually appears ~ 3 weeks after initial infection
Primary stage of syphilis
325
\_\_\_\_\_\_ infection Virus has entered the body and is replicating. may or may not process to AIDS
HIV
326
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ purified protein derivatia (PPD) is used; injected subcutaneously, observed 24 -72 hrs
Tuberculin test
327
AIDS ______ enbles the virus to ascape host defense synthesis and creates a major obstacle for vaccine portion
surface antigen cmposition
328
Cell wall acting antibiotics of ________ are vancomycin, cycloserine and bacitracin
Non B-lactam
329
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ leads to cancerous, is fusion of infection cell with neighboring non infected cells. infected cells cancerous (unregulated growth and division of infected cells).
modification of host cell
330
\_\_\_\_\_ therapy challeges
Challenges:
* iii. phages, recognized as "foreign" by immune system; quickly eliminated
iv. more detailed animal and human testing needs to be done
phage
331
Tissue distribution, metabolism and excretion of the drug: agents differ with regards to these properties. Antibiotics that are quickly remove by the _____ are good choice for treatment bacterial infection of bladder or urinary/urogen system
kidney
332
Steps of ______ replication it's Lysozyme activation following attachment step results in
* i. compression of tail contractile sheath units
* ii. tube penetrates through cell wall and membrane, tip opens and phage DNA slips through into cytoplasm
phage
333
\_\_\_\_\_\_ distinct biological entities belonging to the infectious agents group of microbial world
Viruses
334
\_\_\_\_\_ are the body of fungi
Sporangiosphore
335
Latent State and Temperate Phage Life Cycle
•\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (lysogenic phages): phage that live in close relationship with host bacterial cells
Temperate phage
336
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ resistant invites to 3 antituberculosis drugs in additional to isonizid riframpin
X-MDR strains
337
How resistance is acquired and types ? \_\_\_\_\_
* mutation in chromosomal genes
* modification of the target site of antibiotic action
chromosomal resistance
338
Virus has 3 main shapes which is ______ shape: spherical appearance
Ex: Papillomaviruses ( HPV
Icosahedral
339
Non β lactams of ______ interfere with ala- ala bridge in Gr (+)ve bacteria cells if it lacks alanine amino acids
Cycloserine
340
\_\_\_1\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_2\_\_\_ :Inhibits DNA gyrase ( relieves strain caused by local uncoiling ) Effective against UTI pathogens and anthrax
* limited use in children and pregnant women’s
Ex: Ciprofloxacin, norfloxacillin and moxifloxacilin
1. Quinolones
2. fluoroquinolones
341
\_\_\_\_\_ appears as small, painless but itchy, scaly lesion on skin due to fungal growth in subcutaneous tissues
chromoblastomycoses
342
Alternate Practices to Reduce Antibiotic Resistance that Educating general public about antibiotics use and their \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
advantages
343
We are a reservoir of \_\_\_1\_\_\_ ; they set up residence in gut, lungs, liver.
* our gut is loaded with bacteria harboring their own blend of \_\_\_1\_\_\_
* every one of our cell is infected
* we carry viral genome as part of our own genetic material
1.viruses
344
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ must pass directly from person to person, pol blood plasma
HIV
345
few antibiotics dampens effectiveness of contraceptive pills hypersensitivity towards \_\_\_\_\_\_
penicillin antibiotic
