Exam2:Cell anatomy, appendages/internal, toxin Flashcards
(129 cards)
1
Q
Bacteria cell envelope contain a
A
Capsule, cell wall, cytoplasmic membrane
2
Q
Bacteria appendages ?
A
Flagella, fimbriae, pili, endoflagella
3
Q
Exchange of genetic material between cells is meditated via sex of pili
A
FPili -> SexPili
4
Q
Bacteria accessory structures
A
Chromosome, plasmids ribosomes, inclusions
5
Q
Bacteria chromosome contain
A
One circular chromosome
6
Q
What are subunits of Bacteria plasmids ribosomes
A
Bacterial ribosomes 70s30s small subunit 50s large subunit
7
Q
What are subunits of Eukaryotic plasmid ribosomes
A
Eukaryotic plasmid ribosomes 80s40s Small subunit 60s large subunit
8
Q
The 3 Granules of Inclusions
A
Volutin granules, polysaccharides granules, B-Hydroxybutyric acid granulesExtra: 1 buck cells will have 1 type of inclusion bodies(Inclusions define as storage granules/nonfunctional units)
9
Q
_________ will have 1 type of inclusion bodies
A
1 buck cells
10
Q
Glycocalyx are sugar __________
A
Covering coat
11
Q
Glycocalyx is viscous, gelatinous material present on the __________ surface
A
External
12
Q
Glycocalyx composed mainly of ___________. And exmple of bacteria is _____________.
A
Polysaccharide Bacillus anthracis
13
Q
Glycocalyx synthesized inside ________ cell and secreted outside onto cell surface
A
Poly D Glutamic Acid
14
Q
When staining and detection for glycocalyx you use ______ and _______
A
Acidic dye and negative staining
15
Q
The _______ of glycocalyx is well structured and firmly attached to cell wall
A
Capsule
16
Q
________ is the secreted portion is disorganized and loosely attached
A
Slime layer
17
Q
The capsule function is ______ defense barrier
A
Passive
18
Q
Capsule function for protection is due to its __________ nature which is ___________ are the structural protein that enchanted disease carrier ability of pathogen.
A
ANTI-PhagocyticVirulence factor
19
Q
Capsule ______ chemical compounds normally present in host human body fails to stimulate host defense systemExample that has a capsule made of hyaluronic Acid is ______.
A
MimicksStreptococcus pyogene
20
Q
Capsule has a ______ nature that tend to ________ away from defense cell phagocytosis
A
SlipperySlip
21
Q
Streptococcus pneumoniae &a capsule has 2 variant _______ & ______
A
Capsulated which is pathogenic causes full blown disease in human Noncapsulated which is nonpathogentic which fails to established
22
Q
Capsule protect cell from _______, due to its functional capacity to bind and retain water molecules (hydrophilic nature)
A
Drying
23
Q
A capsule _______ plays critical role during initial attachment to their host surface, its _______ surface can be pinned down phagocytosed or eliminated by defense cells
A
Colonization Rough surface
24
Q
______ and _______ colonize on the tooth which has no role in transplant nutrient source for bacteria. Surface ferment ______ and produce acidic products which destroys tooth and cause tooth decay
A
Streptococcus mutants and dential plagueSugar
25
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is trademark of streptococcus pneumonia capsule subunit vaccine
Prenate 13
26
bacterial cell wall: ______ macromolecule and provides rigidly and mechanical stability due to its highly _________ structures
Grampositive peptidoglycancrosslined
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bacterial cell wall: Backbone linear polymer of repeat __________ units, the units are made of alternating NAG and NAM linked by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
disaccharideo-glycosidic linkage
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bacterial cell wall: Tail _________ composed of alternating ___ and ___ amino acids\_\_\_ are stereoisomers mostly found in cell which is rare.\_\_\_ more found in amino acids
TetrapeptideD and LD are stereoisomers mostly found in cell which is rare.L more found in amino acids
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\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ attaches to NAM via a complex linkagewhich minimizes tendency to form helices and provides an extended "Rigid" peptide chain
Tail
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\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ crosslink between parallel tetrapeptide side chains which stabilize the polypeptide structure
bridge (connecting chain)
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\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ made of ether short chain of amino acids or directly bonded to one another, which links 3rd residue of one chain to the 4th residual amino acid of the adjacent tetrapeptide chain
bridge (connecting chain)
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\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ enzyme facilitate crossing bridging which are in Gram positive and Gram negative
Penicillin Bind Protein (PBP)
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\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a multilayered, permits free passage of substances (sugar,ions,aminoacids)- it posses typical peptidoglycan structure with few unque features.
Gram Positive
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\_\_\_\_\_\_ -the third amino acid in the tetrapeptide tail is always L-ysine-wide variation in bridge amino acid sequence
Gram Positive
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\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are found associated with Gram Positive Cell wall
teichoic Acid
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\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is Gram positive cell wall but is resistant to gram staining is due to the presence of waxy mycolic acid in it cell wall structure
mycobacterium cell wall
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\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ polymer of sugar/glycerol phosphate with amino acid (D-alanine) which are covalently attached to NAM
teichoic acids
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\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are classes of teichoic acids, which spans the thick peptidoglycan layer that attached to plasma membrane lipids
lipoteichoic acid
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\_\_\_\_\_\_ are classes of teichoic acids, which confined to the peptidoglycan layer
wall teichoic acid
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-binds and regulate gram positive charged ions movements into and out of the cell-they furnish attachment site for many bacteriophages-provides antigenic specificity
teichoic acid
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\_\_\_\_\_\_ is one of the PAMP's but are not found in human body
teichoic acid
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\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ consist of periplasm and periplasmic space-1-2 layers of peptidogly can-an outermembrane cell wall-NOOOOOO TEICHOIC ACID
gram negative
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\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ thin layered, suspended in the periplasmic space-linked to outer membrane (lipoprotein)-posses typical peptidoglycan structure with two changes
gram negative
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\_\_\_\_\_\_ the third amino acid of the tetrapeptide tail is diaminopimelic acid
gram negative
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\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ -the cross bridge is direct!!!!!-linking pattern is similar the 3rd amino acid of tail is directly connected to the 4th amino acid of the adjacent tail from NAM
gram negative
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\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are lipopolysaccharide layer and asymmetric lipid bilayerwhich also consist of lipoproteins, phospholipids and proteins
gram negative "outer membrane architectures"
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\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ serves as molecular finger print during identification process-made of two component polysaccharide portion and lipid portion (lipid A)
lipopolysaccharide molecule
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\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ polymeric sugars with o-glycosidic bonds-composition varies among bacteria E.coli 0157 (cattle intestine) and E.coli K12 (human intestine)
polysaccharide portion
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-plays role in resistance toward complement activation and MAC lysis (membrane attack complex)
polysaccharide portion
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\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ resistance which have extended lipopolysaccharide to keep MAC away
neisseria gonorrhoeae
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\_\_\_\_\_\_ is essential for insertion of polysaccharide in the outer membrane leaflet-released during bacterial lysis due to -antibiotic associated cell lysis-phagocytosis by macrophagest other defense cell- MAC mediated complement lysis
lipid portion
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\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ plays important role during pathogenesis of many microbes, which causes disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
lipid portion
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\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ interferes with peptidoglycan synthesis that binds to PBP, which facilitates cross linking of adjacent tetrapeptide chain that acts like a barrier
penicillin
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\_\_\_\_\_\_ is effective only against gram positive bacteria because gram negative bacteria have lipopolysaccharide and protein layer of the cell wall, preventing _______ from attacking
penicillin
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\_\_\_\_\_\_ binds to 4th amino acid of the tail to prevent cross binding
vancomylin
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\_\_\_\_\_\_ present in tears, saliva and body fluid-breaks bond between NAG and NAM (backbone structure)-provides natural defense
lysozyme
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\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are gram positive cells stripped off the cell wall mechanism of antibiotic resistance against cell wall acting antibiotic
Protoplast
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\_\_\_\_\_\_ are gram negative cells partially stripped off cell wall
spheroplast
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\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is thin structure lies inside the cell-defines as the external boundary of cell- has prokaryote plasma membrane which consist
plasma membrane
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\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ plasma membraneconsist of protein, lipids, glycoproteins, and most plasma membrane have NO CHOLESTEROL!
prokaryote
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\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ membrane has cholesterol in plasma, also cannot treat with penicillin
mycoplasma
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\_\_\_\_\_ acts as selective barrier which monitors flow in both direction and helps maintain constant appropriate internal environment
plasma membrane
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antibiotics and disinfectant:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ trademarks name of phenol based antibacterial agent (6 phenyphenol)
Lysol
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antibiotics and disinfectant:\_\_\_\_\_\_ acts in a similar way as lysol, is a phenol based antibacterial agent.
alcohol
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antibiotics and disinfectant:\_\_\_\_\_\_ is part of 1st aid ointment that dissolves lipid and denatured membrane proteins then cell dies
polymixin B
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\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ extend into or through the lipids bilayer which typically are trans membranes proteins
integral proteins
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\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ attached to inner or outer surface of membranes which functions as enzymes, scaffold, receptors
peripheral proteins
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\_\_\_\_\_\_ are mechanism that facilitates small molecules to enter cell across the normally impermeable membrane
transport system
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roles of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_-to bring in nutrients-expel waste products and substances harmful to the cell-secretes selective proteins molecules
transport system
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\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ bacteria secrete alpha - amylasewhich are starch\>glucose unit\>transport in cells
slime
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\_\_\_\_\_\_ harmful substances made by some pathogenic bacteria sps.-cause tissue injury/trigger host immune response-normally blood or lymph soluble; are systemically distributed
toxin
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advantage to bacteria when it makes _______ helps the bacteria be shredded from body one of mechanism of bacteria spread transmission, it compromised immune system so the host immune system has least impact on bacteria
toxin
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\_\_\_\_\_\_ are altered/inactivated toxins, mainly for exotoxins, -often used as vaccines; stimulates antibody production, -inactivating of toxin preparation physical means radiation/heat or chemicals
toxoid
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\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ clinical term for presence of toxin in blood such as endotoxemia-endotoxin in blood
toxemia
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\_\_\_\_\_\_ are usually ABS of proteins the recognized and binds to toxin then neutralized the toxin
antitoxin
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\_\_\_\_\_\_ ability of bacteria to make toxin
toxigenicity
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tissue injury could be ______ secreted and destroy host cells mediated by interference of bacterial toxin
exotoxins
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tissue injury could be ________ released upon cell desk (naturally or following phagocytosis) stimulates body cells to releases chemicals that causes coagulation shock and low blood pressure increased permeability of hemorrhage blood vessel
endotoxin
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is this exotoxin or endotoxin?source: gram positive and gram negativerelative toxicity: highheat stability: unstable at high temp. (Inactive)effect on host: variable
exotoxin
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is this exotoxin or endotoxin?source: gram negative onlyrelative toxicity: lowheat stability: stable at 1hr, 120Ceffect on host: fever, shock, coagulation
endotoxin
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-synthesized and secreted by gram +/- bacteria; part of their normal growth and metabolism-coded by plasmids or phage DNA
exotoxin
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These are the groups of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_cytotoxins, neurotoxins, entertoxins,superantigens
exotoxin
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three types of cytotoxin kills/affects host cells functions:examples of ______ secreted by S. pneumonia that binds to cholesterol of ciliated epithelial cells and make holes. S. pneumonia inhibits phagocytosis by alveolar macrophages, inhibits digestion
pneumolysin
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three types of cytotoxin kills/affects host cells functions:examples of _______ binds and inactives eukaryotic elongation factors -2 (EFF2) stops host cells proteins sythesis
diphtheria toxin
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three types of cytotoxin kills/affects host cells functions:examples of ________ which also contain 3 parts of toxin is protective antigens, lethal factor, edema factor
anthrax toxin
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shiga toxin potent cytotoxin made by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
E.coli 0157 H7
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which toxin is ______ thatA part enters endothelial cells which reacts with ribosomes and stops protein syntheses
shiga toxin
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\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is responsible for RBC's break up in tiny blood vessels which results in anemia, kidney failure accompanied by paralysis and nervous system injury signs.
hemolytic anemic syndrome
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\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ impairs neuronal cells function which cause paralysis
neurotoxin
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\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ alters functioning of the gastrointestinal cell lining which causes intestinal disturbances.
enterotoxin
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\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ encoded by phage DNAA subunit - modifies or degraded inside cellB subunit - E1Tor sps strain of V. Choleral or 0139 bengal strain emerging pathogen more virulent
cholera toxin
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\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ soluble NSF attachment receptor protein
SNARE
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\_\_\_\_\_ N ethyl maleimide sensitive fusion protein
NSF
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Tetanus toxin action as tetanospasmin \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
GABA
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\_\_\_\_\_\_ lipid A portion of outer membrane LPS of gram negative sps.-released upon cell damage and cell wall breakage- all _______ produce the same signs and symptoms, though to different degree-\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ have the same mode of action, irrespecive of the species
endotoxin
96
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ to loss of bicarbonate ions
metabolic acidosis
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\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ would lead to loss of blood pressure which eventually vital organ and failure
Hypovolumic shock
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\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are long, semi rigid and filamentous appendage, aids in motility.-acts as a spinning motor, propels cell in forward direction-\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ motility involves expenditure of cellular energy
flagella
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Flagellum has 3 basic parts(acts like PAMP)\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ long whiplike structure of constant diameter -no covering - structural component globular protein
Filament
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Flagellum has 3 basic parts(acts like PAMP)\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ wider part to which filament is attached
Hook
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Flagellum has 3 basic parts(acts like PAMP)\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ anchors flagellum to the cell wall and membrane-includes a central rod inserted into a series of ringsGram Positive \_\_\_\_\_\_\_Gram Negative \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Basal BodyGram positive - one pair of rings which is attached to plasma membrane.Gram negative - two pair of ringsouter pair attaches to cell wallinner pair attaches to plasma membrane
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Flagella arrangement:\_\_\_\_\_\_ single polar flagella ex. pseudomonas aeroginosa
monotrichous
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Flagella arrangement:\_\_\_\_\_ flagella distributed over entire surface, functions in unison as a single unit
peritrichous
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Flagella arrangement:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ tuft of flagella at each end of cellex. spirlillum voutans
amphitrichous
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flagella arrangement:\_\_\_\_\_\_ two or more flagella at at one pole of cellex: helicobacter pylorii, helps bacteria to cross the mucosal coating of the intestinal epithelium (virulence factor)
lophotrichous
106
chemical (chemotaxis)attractant (ex.nutrient) cells move towards it \_\_\_\_\_\_repellent (ex.toxic, heat) cells move away from it \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
positive taxisnegative taxis
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Chemotaxis:attractant more ____ of longer duration and \_\_\_\_\_repellent more _____ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
run of longer duration and less tumblesmore tumbles and less run
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chemotaxis:\_\_\_\_\_\_ sustained unidirectional movement
runs
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\_\_\_\_\_\_ sudden stop, cells rolls over several times. changes direction and resume run
tumbles
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\_\_\_\_\_\_ also called sex ____ or F ____ or conjugation\_\_\_\_\_\_ are shorter than flagella-usually 1-10 sex ___ per cells-aids in joining cells of opposite mating typesduring conjugation process is one of the ways by which cells exchange genetic material
pili (pilius)
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\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (variation of pili)\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ numbers varies (few to thousands) distributed throughout or have polar concentration-aids in attachment to substrate as well as to one another -harbors _______ , ether at the tip or all along its length
FimbriaeHarbors adhesin Note: pili and fimbriae have piling proteins
112
Attaches to cells lining the urogential system (urethra and vagina) not other place
Neisseria gonorrhoeae and pathogenesis
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Which juice helps with UTI which Directly filter from kidney and do not detoxyfiedIt strips off bacteria and flush out E.Coli
Cranberry
114
Bordetella have and helps
Adhensins and secure
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\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ present in spirochetes Ex: treponema palliolion and Lyme disease pathogen There is an Luther sheath membrane below which are fibrils (axial filaments)-sheath is anchored at one end and spirals around cells-uses cork screw motion to drill into viscous tissues of their host
Endoflagella
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\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ its single circular double stranded DNA molecule. (Supercooled)-anchored to plasma membrane; confined in nucleoid area
Chromosomes
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\_\_\_\_\_\_ small, extrachromosomal DNA molecules-self replicating units-are not required for metabolism / survival under normal condition It doesn't encode any "house keeping gene" but provides selective advantages to bacteria cell-function of \_\_\_\_\_carry genes for activities such as -antibiotics resistance-toxins production
Plasmids
118
\_\_\_\_\_ is associated with Bacterial translation -are smaller, less dense than eukaryotes ________ (70s vs 80s)-made of 2 subunits; preferred target site of some antibiotics actionBacteria \_\_\_\_\_\_. \_\_\_\_S _____ small subunit\_\_\_\_\_ large subunitEukaryotes ______ \_\_\_\_\_S\_\_\_\_\_ small subunit\_\_\_\_\_ large subunit
Ribosomes Bacterial ribosomes 70s30s small 50s largeEukaryotes ribosomes 80s40s small 60s large
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Plasma types : ______ codes for sex pili (f pili)-involved in conjunction process
Fertility plasmid
120
Plasmid type:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ carry resistance genes for antimicrobial agents -have both origin of transfer genes as well as _______ genes -are self transmissionable plasmid (don't need help of F plasmid)
Resistance plasmids
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Plasmid type:Carry genes for the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_Roles of ______ toxin Kill other competing bacteria cells that don't have bacteria plasmid
Bacteriocin plasmid
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Plasmid type: Carry genetic information for \_\_\_\_\_\_structures enzymes or toxin
Virulence plasmid
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\_\_\_\_\_\_have 2 plasmidsCapsule - poly D glutamic acidsAnthrax toxin 3 parts toxin
Bacillus anthracis
124
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ represents polyphosphate granules
- can be degraded and used as iP source for PL, ATP, nucleic acid, teichic acid
- stains red with some blue dyes (methylene blue)
- characteristic feature of corynebacterium diptheriae
metachromatic granules
(aka storage granules "nonfunctional unit)
125
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ includes starch and glycogen
- they are storage depot for carbon and energy source
- clinically useful for chlamydia sps indentification
polysaccharides granules
126
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ represented by inclusions of poly B-hydroxy butyric acid(PBB) surrounded by monolayer membrane "cytoplasm"
- like polysaccharide, they are carbon and energy storage polymer
- observed in mycobacterium
Lipid inclusion
127
\_\_\_\_\_ are refractile structures; commonly made by the gram positive
- produced in response to unfavorable conditions
- single bacterium make one spore "spore dormant structures and highly resistant to harsh environments
- spores contain DNA, RNA, ribosomes and dipicolinic acid accompanied by increased Ca ions
endospores
128
\_\_\_\_\_ is the process of endospore formation within vegetative cell
sporulation
129
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the process by which the endospore returns to the vegetative cell
germination
