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NUTR 3210 > Exam - Metabolic Integration > Flashcards

Exam - Metabolic Integration Flashcards

1
Q

what must metabolic integration maintain

A

blood glucose between 60-100mg/dL

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2
Q

what happens if blood glucose is < 60 mg/dL

A

development of a coma and can be fatal

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3
Q

why is blood glucose required by red blood cells

A

as an energy substrate because they have no mitochondria

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4
Q

what is blood glucose required by

A

red blood cells
central nervous system
to maintain an active krebs cycle

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5
Q

in the fed state, what is the predominant source of blood glucose

A

dietary CHO
dietary protein

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6
Q

in the post-absorptive state, what is the predominant source of blood glucose

A

glycogen from liver (glycogenolysis)

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7
Q

in the fasting state, what is the predominant source of blood glucose

A

gluconeogenesis from protein catabolism

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8
Q

in the starvation state, what is the predominant source of blood glucose

A

gluconeogenesis from glycerol produced by TAG breakdown
some protein catabolism

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9
Q

4 main hormones for metabolism regulation

A

insulin
glucagon
corticosteroids (cortisol)
catecholamines (epinephrine)

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10
Q

what is the nature of insulin

A

anabolic

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11
Q

what is the nature of glucogon

A

catabolic

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12
Q

what is the nature of corticosteroids

A

catabolic

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13
Q

what is the nature of catecholamines

A

catabolic

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14
Q

what is insulin produced by

A

B-cells in pancreas

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15
Q

what is glucagon produced by

A

a-cells in pancreas

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16
Q

what is corticosteroids produced by

A

adrenal cortex

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17
Q

what are catecholamines produced by

A

adrenal medulla

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18
Q

what are the main effects of insulin

A

increases glucose and AA uptake in muscle and liver
increases glycogen and protein synthesis in muscle and liver
increases TAG synthesis and storage in adipose

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19
Q

what are the main effects of glucagon

A

increased breakdown of glycogen, protein and fat
increased gluconeogenesis from AAs and glycerol

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20
Q

what are the main effects of corticosteroids

A

increases protein catabolism
increases gluconeogenesis from AAs

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21
Q

what are the main effects of catecholamines

A

increases glycogenolysis and lipolysis

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22
Q

what are T3 (T4) hormones

A

tyrosine-based hormones produced by thyroid that affect metabolic rate

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23
Q

what does the brain have a high requirement for

A

oxidative metabolism to suppor continuous electrical activity

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24
Q

what does the brain depend on

A

glucose

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25
Q

how many g of glucose is required by the brain per day

A

100-120

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26
Q

why does the brain depend on glucose as opposed to other energy sources

A

fatty acids cannot cross the blood-brain barrier enough to provide sufficient energy

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27
Q

how much glucose does the liver produce during an overnight fast

A

2mg/min/kg body weight

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28
Q

how much of the glucose produced by liver in overnight fast is consumed by the brain

A

half

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29
Q

what is the main purpose of the liver

A

regulating

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30
Q

what does the liver regulate

A

blood glucose levels

31
Q

what is the liver a major site for

A

fatty acid B-oxidation

32
Q

what is the only tissue to produce ketone bodies

A

liver

33
Q

what kind of energy requirements does adipose tissue have

A

low - not a lot of oxidative fuel consumption

34
Q

when is glucose used in adipose tissue

A

for de novo lipogenesis
TAG synthesis
provide energy for fatty acid uptake

35
Q

what does adipose tissue release into circulation

A

non-esterified fatty acids from lipolysis

36
Q

can non-esterified fatty acids be metabolic fuel

A

yes - depending on circumstances

37
Q

what are non-esterified fatty acids the same as

A

free fatty acids

38
Q

what percentage of body weight does skeletal muscle represent

A

40%

39
Q

what are the main regulators for muscle fuel consumption

A

nutritional status and exercise

40
Q

2 fibres in skeletal muscle

A

slow twitch
fast twitch

41
Q

when are slow twitch muscle fibres used

A

long duration activities - slow contraction

42
Q

what is the predominant source of energy for slow twitch skeletal muscle fibres

A

fatty acids

43
Q

when are fast twitch muscle fibres used

A

short duration activities - fast contraction

44
Q

what provides energy for fast twitch muscle fibres

A

local glycogen stores

45
Q

what type of glucose is used quickly

A

precious

46
Q

how long are glycogen stores sufficient for

A

24 hours

47
Q

when does protein breakdown occur

A

initially - releases glycogenic amino acids which slows down to preserve protein function

48
Q

why does fatty acid breakdown occur

A

to spare protein - eventually used to make ketone bodies

49
Q

how long does the fed state last

A

0-2 hours after eating

50
Q

what is the only hormone in the body that lowers blood sugar

A

insulin

51
Q

what are the percentages of urea and NH4+ during the fed state

A

90% urea
10% NH4+

52
Q

what is promoted in liver and muscle during fed state

A

glucose uptake and glycogen formation

53
Q

what is the primary hormone in the fed state

A

insulin

54
Q

what occurs in adipose tissue in the fed state

A

TAG synthesis - long term energy storage

55
Q

what occurs in the liver during the fed state

A

clears blood glucose (for glycogen or TAG production)
urea cycle active

56
Q

what occurs in muscle during the fed state

A

protein synthesis (BCAA) replenish glycogen reserve

57
Q

what is the primary hormone in the post-absorptive state

A

glucagon

58
Q

what occurs in the adipose tissue in the post-absorptive state

A

nothing

59
Q

what occurs in the liver in the post-absorptive state

A

glycogen breakdown
urea cycle active

60
Q

what occurs in the muscle in the post-absorptive state

A

glycogen breakdown
protein catabolism

61
Q

when is the post absorptive state

A

3-18 hour after eating

62
Q

urea vs NH4+ during post absorptive state

A

still mainly urea

63
Q

what is the primary hormones in the fasted state

A

corticosteroids and glucagon

64
Q

what occurs in the adipose tissue during the fasted state

A

TAG start to become lipolysed (releasing free fatty acids and glycerol)

65
Q

what occurs in the liver during the fasted state

A

produces and secretes glucose via gluconeogenesis; urea cycle activity reduced

66
Q

what occurs in the muscle during the fasted state

A

protein catabolism

67
Q

urea vs NH4+ in fasted state

A

decrease of urea and increase of NH4+

68
Q

when does the fasted state occur

A

18-48 hours with no food intake

69
Q

what are the primary hormones during starvation

A

catecholamines and glucagon

70
Q

what occurs in the adipose tissue during starvation

A

TAG lipolysis

71
Q

what occurs in the liver during starvation

A

ketone production
glycerol backbone of TAG used to make glucose
urea cycle is minimally active

72
Q

what occurs in the muscle during starvation

A

muscle protects its protein
still some protein catabolism happening to support blood glucose but not a lot

73
Q

how long does it take for it to be considered starvation

A

about 2 weeks

74
Q

urea vs NH4+ during starvation

A

10% urea
90% NH4+

NUTR 3210 (29 decks)

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