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NUTR 3210 > Midterm - Lipids > Flashcards

Midterm - Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

are lipids soluble or insoluble in organic solvents

A

soluble

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2
Q

how many different lipid species have been characterized

A

10,000

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3
Q

what do lipids provide

A

energy
major component of cell and organelle membranes

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4
Q

saturated lipids

A

max number of H atoms
single bonds

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5
Q

unsaturated lipids

A

missing H atoms
double bonds
cis or trans configurations

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6
Q

what are the 3 types of fatty acids

A

saturated
monounsaturated
polyunsaturated

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7
Q

essential fatty acid

A

linoleum acid (produced in plants)

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8
Q

why are these fatty acids essential

A

humans lack enzymes needed to insert double bonds beyond delta-9 position

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9
Q

eicosanoids

A

metabolites of 20-carbon fatty acids

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10
Q

what are eicosanoids produced by

A

most cells in the body

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11
Q

characteristics of eicosanoids

A

hormone-like but function locally

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12
Q

functions of eicosanoids

A

inflammation
platelet aggregation
blood pressure
implications for disease

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13
Q

what is the main dietary lipid

A

triglycerides

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14
Q

example of a major storage lipid

A

triglycerides

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15
Q

what processes are triglycerides critical in

A

lipogenesis
lipolysis
transported in lipoproteins

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16
Q

what are the 3 triglyceride structures

A

monoacylglycerol
diacylglycerol
triglyceride/triacylglycerol

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17
Q

what determines the physicochemical properties

A

fatty acid composition

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18
Q

are phospholipids or triglycerides more polar

A

phospholipids (hydrophilic phosphate head group)

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19
Q

primary functions of phospholipids

A

components of membranes
source of active fatty acids (eicosanoid synthesis)
anchors membrane proteins
intracellular signalling

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20
Q

what are sterols

A

steroid alcohols (monohydroxy)

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21
Q

structural features of sterols

A

free or esterified with a fatty acid

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22
Q

what are sources of cholesterol

A

meat, eggs, endogenous production

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23
Q

primary functions of sterols

A

essential component of membranes

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24
Q

what are sterols a precursor for

A

bile acid production
steroid sec hormone production
vitamin D synthesis

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25
Q

what are digested lipids emulsified by

A

conjugated bile acids

26
Q

mixed micelles

A

small spherical complexes containing lipid digestion products plus bile salts

27
Q

what can mixed micelles access

A

spaces between microvilli in intesitne

28
Q

what are the 3 brush border enzymes in lipid absorption

A

pancreatic lipase
cholesterol esterase
phospholipase

29
Q

what is lipoprotein classification determined by

A

1.ratio of lipid-to-protein (affects density)
2. specific apolipoprotein content (affects receptor interactions)

30
Q

what do chylomicrons increase in

A

circulation after a meal - enter at a slow rate

31
Q

when do chylomicrons peak

A

30min to 3h after eating

32
Q

where is lipoprotein lipase located

A

surface of endothelial cells lining small blood vessels and capillaries

33
Q

what is LPL expressed by

A

adipose and muscle

34
Q

what is LPL activated by

A

ApoC in chylomicrons

35
Q

what does LPL hydrolyze

A

the TAG in chylomicrons into 2-MAG + 2 fatty acids

36
Q

when are chylomicrons referred to as a “chylomicron remnant)

A

when they become TAG depleted

37
Q

what happens to chylomicron remnants

A

they are removed from circulation through ApoE-mediated interactions with a receptor in the liver

38
Q

what percentage of blood cholesterol in LDL is in a fasting subject

A

60%

39
Q

what is VLDL

A

the main transporter of newly synthesized hepatic TAG

40
Q

what are the 3 fates of cholesterol in the liver

A
  1. converted into bile acids to replenish bile acid pool
  2. secreted “as is” directly with bile to be eliminated as faces
  3. packaged into VLDL and sent around the body
41
Q

what does LDL do with cholesterol

A

delivers it for essential functions but can also deposit it in unwanted places

42
Q

what do higher HDL levels mean`

A

more cholesterol returning to liver

43
Q

where do lipids fit into gluconeogenesis

A

the glycerol backbone is glucogenic

44
Q

where do lipids fit into the Krebs cycle

A

fat oxidation via acetyl CoA

45
Q

what is the recommended caloric intake for men

A

2500kcal/day

46
Q

what is the recommended caloric intake for women

A

2000kcal/day

47
Q

what percentage should protein be of daily calories

A

10-35% (max of 218g)

48
Q

what percentage should carbohydrates be of daily calories

A

45-65% (max of 406g)

49
Q

what percentage should fats be of daily calories

A

20 - 35% (max of 97g)

50
Q

for people with high blood cholesterol, what does decreasing dietary cholesterol do

A

decreases LDL

51
Q

trans fats

A

unsaturated fatty acids with at least one double bond in the trans configuration

52
Q

what are the 2 kinds of trans fats

A

industrial and natural

53
Q

when are industrial trans fats produced

A

hydrogenation of vegetable oils

54
Q

what does partial hydrogenation result in

A

double bonds being converted from cis to trans

55
Q

what does complete hydrogenation result in

A

all double bonds becoming fully saturated

56
Q

what is the relationship between hydrogenation and saturation

A

increase in the amount of hydrogenation, increases the degree of saturation

57
Q

where are trans fats found naturally

A

ruminant fat

58
Q

what percentage of trans fat does milk contain

A

4-8%

59
Q

when are natural trans fats made

A

in the rumen through bacterial fermentation

60
Q

what are affects of a high intake of industrial trans fatty acids

A

increase in: LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol, inflammation
decrease in: HDL cholesterol

61
Q

what are trans fats linked to

A

CVD risk

NUTR 3210 (29 decks)

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