export_bact 5 Flashcards
(216 cards)
1
Q
grow as mononucleated single cells, pathogenic yeasts reproduce by budding (called blastospores), may produce elongated forms that resemble hyphae (pseudohyphae), colony is typically “moist”
A
Yeast
2
Q
grow as multicellular and multinucleate filamentous colonies, reproduce by sporulation, body: hyphae (may be septate or aseptate)
A
Mold
3
Q
occur in both mold and yeastforms
A
Dimorphis fungi
4
Q
method of reproduction for fungi (the processof forming spores)
A
sporulation
5
Q
the tubular, branching, multinucleatestructures that form the “body” of the mold
A
hyphae
6
Q
hyphae having crosswalls
A
septate hyphae
7
Q
few or no crosswalls
A
aseptate hyphae
8
Q
a mass of interwoven hyphae
A
mycelium
9
Q
sexual reproductive (perfect)state of fungi
A
Teleomorph
10
Q
asexual reproductive (imperfect) state offungi
A
anamorph
11
Q
large (usually greater than 4x12 microns)multi-celled spores, the large spores that are producedby Microsporum canis that are so characteristic that they aid in speciesidentification
A
Macroconidia
12
Q
small (usually less than 5 microns) one-celledspores
A
microconidia
13
Q
asexual spores produced by segmentation(fragmentation) of hyphae (characteristic of Coccidioides immitis innature and the dermatophyte in vivo), the term for thetype of fungal spores that are produced by segmentation of the hyphae
A
arthrospores
14
Q
asexual spores produced by budding from amother yeast cell (e.g. Cryptococcus neoformans ), thetype of spores that are produced from Cryptococcus neoformans
A
blastospores
15
Q
main component of cell wallof fungi , N-acetyl glucosamine residues, the periodic-acid-schiff stain is useful for its ability tostain this compound
A
chitin
16
Q
D-glucose resides
A
glucan
17
Q
cytoplasmic membrane, contains ergosterol, the name for the fungal structure that corresponds to thecytoplasmic membrane of bacteria
A
plasmalemma
18
Q
majorsterol in cytoplasmic membranes, alters permeability, thiscompound is in the plasmalemma but not in mammalian cell structures
A
ergosterol
19
Q
The type of spores that are produced by yeasts are called
A
blastospores
20
Q
Dimorphic fungi have the ability to grow inthese two fungal forms
A
Mold & Yeast forms
21
Q
Hyphae with crosswalls
A
Septae
22
Q
Sexual reproductive ( perfect ) state offungi
A
teleomorph
23
Q
The type of fungal spores that are produced by segmentation of thehyphae are
A
arthrospores
24
Q
Term used in reference to Arthrospores being formedinside the hair shaft
A
endothrix
25
Term used in reference to Arthrospores beingformed outside the hair shaft
ectothrix
26
This compound is a structural component of thecell wall of fungi but not of bacteria
chitin
27
The name used for the fungal structure thatcorresponds to the cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria
plasmalemma
28
This compound is in the Plasmalemma but not inmammalian cell structures
ergosterol
29
The Plasmalemma is equivalent to what structure in bacteria
cytoplasmic membrane
30
The type of cell structure characteristic of the fungi
eukaryotic
31
toxic mushrooms belong to this class of fungi
Basidiomycetes
32
most members of deuteromycetes are placed in this class when their “perfect state” is delineated
Ascomycetes
33
this form class contains most of the fungi pathogenic to animals
Deuteromycetes ( Fungi imperfecti)
34
The Domain to which the fungi belong
Eukarya
35
The kingdom to which the fungi belong
Fungi
36
The toxic mushrooms belong to this class of fungi
Basidiomycetes
37
Most members of Deuteromycetes are placed in the class when their"perfect state" is delineated
Ascomycetes
38
This Form class contains most of the fungi pathogenic to animals
Deuteromyecetes
39
Most of the pathogenic fungi as isolated from animals have been placedin this subdivision of the fungal classification system
DEUTEROMYCOTINA(Deuteromycetes)
40
This agent, a common cause of "Phycomycosis", may not be afungi but may be a member of the kingdom Protista
Pythium insidiosum
41
This "fungus" does not have chitin in the cell wall
Pythium insidiosum
42
intoxicationdue to ingestion of toxic metabolites that are produced by the action ofcertain molds in some food products
Mycotoxicosis
43
produce aflatoxinsthus causing aflatoxicosis, genus of fungi is one ofthe genera commonly implicated in mycotoxicosis , most common fungal species isolated from guttural pouch mycosis in thehorse Term
Aspergillus
44
produces aflatoxins, mostprobable exudate in a nasal discharge in a dog presenting with a nasaldischarge
Aspergillus flavus
45
An infection that involves the epidermal layers of skin, hair and nails
Dermatophytosis
46
A subcutaneous granulomatous abscess thatspreads to adjacent soft tissue, fascia and bone
Mycetoma
47
An intoxication due to ingestion of toxicmetabolites produced by the action of certain molds on some food products
Mycotoxicosis
48
These two genera of fungi are commonly implicated in mycotoxicosis
Aspergillus &Fusarium
49
This species of fungi is known to produce toxins which causemycotoxicosis in animals
Aspergillus fumigates
50
What is the major target organ in acute aflatoxin poisoning in animals?
liver
51
used to visualize capsulesof yeasts
India ink
52
best stain to visualize fungi from culture growth
Lactophenol CottonBlue
53
the best way to visualizethe fungal cell wall in histopathology
Periodic-Acid-Schiff (P.A.S.) stain
54
base media used to growfungi
Sabouraud's Dextrose Agar
55
antibiotic present in Sabouraud’s DextroseAgar, inhibits nonpathogenic fungi
Cycloheximide
56
almost specific for isolation ofdermatophytes, contains antibiotics: cycloheximide, gentamicin, andchlortetracycline, indicator: phenol red, red color indicates alkaline
Dermatophyte test medium (DTM)
57
The best stain to visualize the fungal cellwall in histopathology
PAS
58
You have submitted a tissue specimen to a diagnostic laboratory. You request that they stain a histopathologicslide specifically for fungi. They wouldprobably use this stain
Periodic-Acid-Schiffstain
59
The periodic-acid-Schiff stain is useful forstaining fungi because it reacts specifically with this compound in the fungalcell wall
chitin
60
You are taking a skin scraping for culture ofa dermatophyte from a dog. What is therecommended incubation temperature for this specimen?
25 C
61
The base media usually used to grow fungi
Sabourauds Dextrose Augar
62
This drug is commonly added to media used togrow pathogenic fungi to keep other contaminating fungi from growing
Cycloheximide
63
The best stain to visualize fungi from culturegrowth
Lactophenol Cotton Blue
64
Used to visualize capsules of yeasts
India ink
65
termused by physicians to refer to a fungal infection of keratin in specific bodyareas
Tinea
66
termused for dermatophytes whose major source to the animal is the soil
Geophilic
67
humansare the maintaining host of these types of dermatophytes
Anthropophilic
68
the large spores that areproduced by Microsporum canis that are so characteristic thatthey aid in species identification
Macroconidia
69
most common cause ofdermatophytosis in the cat
Species Microsporum canis
70
geophilic fungusspecifically affects the keratinized skin layers with subsequent diseasedevelopment in the dog
Species Microsporum gypseum
71
8 month old Yorkshire-crosspigs in Georgia with large scaly lesion on his sides clinically diagnosed withdermatophytosis is most likely infected with this fungi
Species Microsporum nanum
72
this agent is the commoncause of skin disease involving only the dermal layers in horses
Species Trichophyton equinum
73
T erm used for dermatophyteswhose major source to the animal is the soil
geophilic
74
Humans are the maintaining host of these typesof dermatophytes
anthropophilic
75
Animals are the maintaining host of thesetypes of dermatophytes
zoophilic
76
Term used by physicians to refer to a fungalinfection of keratin in specific body areas (from PwrPt)
tinea
77
The large spores that are produced by Microsporum canis that areso characteristic that they aid in species identification are called
macroconidia
78
This dermatophyte is classified as geophilic
Microsporum gypseum
79
What is the pathological process responsible for the “ringworm” nature ofsome dermatophyte infections?
Lateral Growth of Fungus to avoid inflammatoryresponse
80
The major cause of dermatophytosis in cats
Microsporum canis
81
This dermatophyte is considered to be host-adapted to cats
Microsporum canis
82
Microsporum canis
- Symptoms: Lesions of"scaling and patching" on head and paws
- Laboratory: Direct mount of hairs in 30% KOH,arthrospores observed external to hair shaft
Microsporum canis
83
You have diagnosed a "ringworm" infection in a cat. The client asks about the possibility oftransfer of the infection to her or her children. You advised her that the "ringworm"in the cat, in regards to the possibility of transfer to humans, is:
a disease of highdanger to exposed individuals
84
This geophilic fungus specifically affects the keratinized skin layerswith subsequent disease development in the dog.
Microsporium gypseum
85
Most common cause of dermatophytosis in the dog
Microsporium canis
86
This keratinophilic fungus is host-adapted to the horse
Trichophyton equinum
87
Most common cause of dermatophytosis in cattle
Trichophytonverrucosum
88
Animals: 8 month oldYorkshire-cross pigs in Georgia
- Symptoms: Large scaly lesions onsides
- ClinicalDiagnosis: Dermatophytosis
Microsporium nanum
89
What is media are usually used for isolating the dermatophytes in aveterinary practice laboratory?
Saboraud’s dextroseaugar/ dermatophyte test media
90
Under what circumstances would you clip the hair of the animal?
Catteries, householdsw/ small children, elderly people or immunosuppresed people or long-haired cats
91
What is the author's favorite antimicrobial for treating cats?
Iatroconazole
92
What is the major toxicity associated with ketoconazole in cats?
hepatotoxicity
93
Wood's Lamp Fluorescence is often helpful indetecting the presence of this dermatophyte
Microsporum canis
94
Medium most commonly used be veterinarians to culture dermatophytes.
DTM
95
What “signs” in DTM cultures indicate that the fungus growing on themedium is a Dermatophyte?
The medium is red,the colony is white, the medium turns red at the time of 1 st visiblegrowth
96
You have a client that is having a continuing problem with dermatophyteinfections in her cats / dogs / horses. She wants to vaccinate to prevent the disease in her animals. You couldrecommend:
the products listedwould not be effective, are not available for the listed disease or should notbe used in this situation
97
What are the 3 major phases in treatment of a dermatophyte infection?
1) Remove organism fromouter layers of skin & hair,
2) Apply a topical agent
3) Systemic therapy
98
These two drugs from different families wouldbe most useful in treatment of a Microsporum canis infection in a cat.
Grisofulvin & Iatraconazole
99
This agent should not be used in pregnantqueens because it may cause teratogenic effect.
Griseofulvin
100
You are planning on treating a dermatophyte infection in a dog using anorally absorbed drug. Two drugs commonlyused for this type of therapy are (twoanswers) :
Grisofulvin & Ketoconazole
101
blindness in the dog due toacute uveitis is commonly associated with acute infections with this dimorphicfungus
Blastomyces dermatitidis
102
a capsule and melanin arelargely responsible for the virulence of this fungi , this yeast is noted for the lack inflammatoryresponse seen in infected tissues when it spreads systemically , you have a cat that likes to hang out where the pigeons hangout – this cat is a good candidate to become infected with this agent
Cryptococcus neoformans
103
Fungi such as Histoplasma capsulatum produce "granulomatousdisease" syndromes in the dog. The primary difference between thisgranulomatous response and other types of inflammatory responses seen withinfectious agents is that the granulomatous response:
is characterized by mononuclear type phagocyticcells
104
These 3 dimorphic fungi cause systemic disseminated disease in dogs.
Histoplasmacapsulatum, Coccidiodes immitis, Blastomyces dermatidis
105
Clinically, chronic disseminated blastomycosis \ histoplasmosis \ coccidioidomycosis in the dog is often characterized by:
bone infections - Blastomycosisand Coccidioidomycosis
intestinal infections - Histoplasmosis
106
All of the fungi listed below can be described as "dimorphicfungi" except :
Cryptococcusneoformans
107
What are the usual species that develop clinical disease with thesystemic fungi?
humans & dogs
108
this dimorphic fungi has apropensity to localize in the digestive tract after systemic spread , the term “tuberculated macroconidia” isalways used in reference to this agent , mosthumans in Missouri have had a mild infection with this dimorphic fungus and aresensitive to the antigens on the skin test , largenumbers of spores from this fungus are in bat caves
Histoplasma capsulatum
109
The term “tuberculated macroconidia” is usedin reference to this agent.
Histoplasma capsulatum
110
The life form of Histoplasma capsulatum in tissue can best bedescribed as:
small (3.5 microns) buddingyeasts
111
Histoplasma capsulatum in the animal bodyis:
an obligateintracellular parasite
112
What is the ecological niche where Histoplasma capsulatum is located?
Soil Saprophyte
113
M ost humans in Missouri have had a mildinfection with this dimorphic fungus and are sensitive to the antigens on theskin test.
Histoplasma capsulatum
114
What host species are most commonly affected with clinical disease to Histoplasma capsulatum?
Humans, Dogs & Cats
115
Missouri is noted as a center of the endemic area forHistoplasmosis. The majority of dogsexposed to the causative agent:
develop acutepulmonary disease
116
Animal : 2 year old boxer inMissouri (dog has not been out of Missouri)
- Symptoms : Animal chronically losing weight. Chronic cough present. Auscultation indicates pneumonia is present
- Laboratory : Radiographs indicate a diffuse interstitialpattern and hilar lymphadenopathy typical of fungal caused pneumonia
- Histopath : Intracellular yeast cells were observed
Histoplasma capsulatum
117
This dimorphic fungus has a propensity tolocalize in the digestive tract after systemic spread .
Histoplasma capsulatum
118
Clinically, chronic disseminated histoplasmosis in the canine is oftencharacterized by:
intestinal infections
119
These two drugs from different families wouldbe most useful in treatment of an acute pneumonia caused by Histoplasmacapsulatum in the dog.
Amphotericin B & Ketoconazole
120
According to most authoritative sources, Histoplasmosis in the dog inregards to the possibility of transfer of the disease from infected dogs tohumans:
is of little zoonoticsignificance
121
known for itsnephrotoxicity is used to treat fungal infectionsmust be given be slowintravenous injection
Amphotericin B
122
used to treat fungal infections of the skin but should not be used for treatment of pregnant queens because of the potential for teratogenic effects
Griseofulvin
123
Many of the drugs used to treat fungal infections affect ergosterol insome way. What part of the fungal cellstructure would then be affected? Whichdrugs affect egosterol?
Cytoplasmicmembrane - Amphotericin B, Terbinatine,Azoles
124
What is the site of activity of Griseofulvin in fungi?
Inhibits nucleic acid synthesis & cell mitosis
125
What is the major toxicity problem of Amphotericin B in dogs?
This drug, which is given by intravenous injection in the dog for fungal infections, is almost always associated with serious side effects including nephrotoxicity and anemia.
126
The most important side effect of Griseofulvin in the cat / AmphotericinB in the dog / Ketoconazole in the cat involves toxic effects on these organs:
kidneys - Amphotericin B
liver - Ketoconazole
teratogenic problems - Griseofulvin
127
Which would be the more toxic drug to cats: Ketoconazole or Itraconazole ? What organ is usuallyaffected in Ketoconazole toxicity in the cat?
Ketoconazole - Liver
128
blindness in the dog due toacute uveitis is commonly associated with acute infections with this dimorphicfungus
Blastomyces dermatitidis
129
A very large single budding yeast is the characteristic tissue form ofthis systemic fungus.
Blastomyces dermatitidis
130
What type of environmental habitat is associated with development ofBlastomycosis in dogs?
soil
131
What species are most commonly affected with clinical disease to Blastomyces dermatitidis?
humans & dogs
132
Clinically, chronic disseminated blastomycosis in the dog is oftencharacterized by (1 or 2 answers):
bone infections & draining skin lesions
133
Blindness in the dog due to acute uveitis is commonly associated withacute infections with this dimorphic fungus.
Blastomyces dermatitidis
134
Which of the listed fungi is most likely to cause an acute uveitis (with possible blindness) in affected dogs?
Blastomyces dermatitidis
135
Animal : 2 year old male Dobermanin Tennessee
- Symptoms and Lesions : Ulcerativelesion of skin and subcutaneous tissue on the right leg. Dog was losing weight. Temperature was 104 o F
- Laboratory : Direct smear (lacto‑phenol cotton blue),large single budding yeast (with "collar")
Blastomyces dermatitidis
136
A family dog has been diagnosed as having Blastomycesdermatitidis pneumonia. Knowing the public health significance of thisfungus you:
tell the family that the disease is probably not contagious to humansand recommend treatment if prognosis indicates treatment would be successful.
137
systemic disease with thisdimorphic fungus is characterized by bone lesions at the epiphyseal junction , spherule is the characteristic tissue from , natural habitat these pathogenic fungi are associated with rodentburrows in the southwestern deserts
Coccidioides immitis
138
The spherule is the characteristic tissue form of this fungal species.
Coccidioides immitis
139
The type of spores that are produced by Coccidioidesimmitis in nature
alternating arthrospores
140
What is the life form of Coccidioidesimmitis in tissue?
spherules
141
In their natural habitat these pathogenic fungi are associated withrodent burrows in the Southwestern deserts.
Coccidiodes immitis
142
T/F: Ecologically, this systemic fungus is only found in the desert southwestin the United States.
False - also found in Central and South America
143
What species are most commonly affected with clinical disease to Coccidioides immitis?
humans & dogs
144
What type of environmental habitat is associated with development of Coccidioidomycosis in dogs?
Semi-arid “Lower sonoranlife zone“
145
Systemic disease with this dimorphic fungus ischaracterized by bone lesions at the epiphyseal junction.
Coccidioides immitis
146
Clinically, chronic disseminated Coccidioidomycosis in the dog is often characterized by (1 or 2 answers):
bone infections & draining skin lesions
147
According to most authoritative sources, Coccidioidomycosis in the dog in regards to the possibility oftransfer of the disease from infected dogs to humans:
is of little zoonotic significance
148
a capsule and melanin arelargely responsible for the virulence of this fungi , this yeast is noted for the lack inflammatoryresponse seen in infected tissues when it spreads systemically , you have a cat that likes to hang out where the pigeons hangout – this cat is a good candidate to become infected with this agent
Cryptococcus neoformans
149
What 2 species of Cryptococcus are capsulated and thus most likely to be associated with disease conditions?
Cryptococcus neoformans & Cryptococcus gattii
150
A description of these two pathogens would be: capsulated single-budding monomorphic yeasts.
Cryptococcus neoformans & Cryptococcus gattii
151
What type of spores are produced by Cryptococcusneoformans?
blastospores
152
What are the 2 major virulence factors of Cryptococcus neoformans?
Capsule - antiphagocytic
| Melanin - impairsantibody formation
153
What is the major ecological niche of Cryptococcus neoformans?
Pigeon excreta (Urban centers)
154
You have a cat that likes to hang out wherethe pigeons hang out. This cat is a goodcandidate to become infected with this agent.
Cryptococcus neoformans
155
What are the two major hosts affected by disease with Cryptococcus neoformans?
humans & cats
156
What species of animal is mostcommonly affected with clinical disease to Cryptococcus neoformans?
cats
157
This yeast is noted for the lack of inflammatory response seen ininfected tissue when it spreads systemically.
Cryptococcusneoformans
158
One of the major manifestations of the disease"Cryptococcosis" as seen in its usual animal host often issymptomatically diagnosed as:
nasal granuloma
159
Animal : 4 year old Siamese cat inSt. Louis. Lesion: Nasal granuloma that was surgicallyremoved.
Laboratory : Histopath, single budding capsulated yeastobserved with PAS stain
Cryptococcusneoformes
160
What is the major localization of infection in disseminated Cryptococcosis in cats ?
Nasal Granuloma
161
A 5 year old domestic shorthair cat in Chicago showed signs of centralnervous system disease (the symptomatic diagnosis was meningitis). On a direct smear of cerebral spinal fluid,single budding capsulated yeasts were observed with PAS stain.
Cryptococcus
162
The tissue reaction seen in Cryptococcus meningitis of the catcan best be described as:
a diffuse granulomatous reaction with fewinflammatory cells.
163
The use of India Ink is a valuable tool in diagnosing infection withthis fungal agent.
capsule
164
What is the prognosis for resolution of disease in a cat with a nasalgranuloma? In a cat with meningitis?
Nasal - good prognosis
| Meningitis - poor prognosis
165
What drug in the azole family is commonly used in treatment of cats withCryptococcal meningitis?
Fluconazole
166
What species of monomorphic yeast has recently appeared as a seriouspathogen in the Pacific Northwest (Canada and United States)?
Cryptococcus gattii
167
What is the unique ecological niche of Cryptococcus gattii ?
Trees - Douglas fir, Red Cedar, Oak & Maple
168
thismonomorphic yeast is known to cause a greasy seborrhea with thickened skin
Malassezia pachydermatis
169
the term “cigar body” is usedas a descriptive term for the tissue phase of this agent
Sporothrix schenckii
170
These two yeasts are commonly isolated from the canine ear canal asnormal flora and in disease.
Malassezia pachydermatis and Candida albicans
171
New name for the fungus originally called Pityrosporum canis
Malassezia pachydermatis
172
This yeast is isolated from the ear canal andskin infections in dogs.
Malassezia pachydermatis
173
What is the usual ecological niche of Malasseziapachydermatis?
skin
174
How would you describe Malasseziapachydermatis?
Monomorphic, yeast , non-capsulated
175
This monomorphic yeast is known to cause achronic moist dermatitis with a musty odor in dogs.
Malassezia pachydermatis
176
This monomorphic yeast is known to cause a g reasy seborrhea with thickened skin.
Malassezia pachydermatis
177
This drug is probable drug of choice for systemictreatment of serious Malassezia pachydermatis infections of the skin of dogs.
Ketoconazole & Iatraconazole
178
The term “cigar body” is used as a descriptiveterm for the tissue phase of this agent.
Sporotrichum scheneckii
179
The disease Sporotrichosis as seen in thehorse is often symptomatically diagnosed as:
lymphangitis
180
The disease "Sporotrichosis" is most commonly seen in which of the listed animals?
horses
181
This agent causes an ulcerative lymphangitis in horses.
Sporotrichumscheneckii
182
What is the usual method by which animals are infected with Sporothrixschenckii?
implantation
183
What is the usual ecological niche of Sporothrix schenckii?
rotting materials
184
Describe the parasitic tissue phase of Sporothrixschenckii?
“cigar body”
185
This agent produces unique “flowerettes” in themycelial phase of growth.
Sporotrichum scheneckii
186
What is drug treatment of choice for Sporotrichosis in the horse?
iodides
187
Yeasty Beasties & Other Mycotic Issues : Who are the “Yeasty Beasties”?
Malasieziapachydermatis
188
What is the most common underlying disease predisposing to Malassezia dermatitis?
Modified host defensemechanisms
189
What is the best means to detect Malassezia in lesions?
cytology
190
What are the systemic antimicrobials recommended for treatment of Malassezia dermatitis?
Ketoconazole, Iatraconazole, Fluconazole,Terbinatime.
191
genusof fungi is one of the genera commonly implicated in mycotoxicosis , most common fungal species isolated from guttural pouchmycosis in the horse
Aspergillus
192
most probable exudate in anasal discharge in a dog presenting with a nasal discharge
Aspergillus flavus
193
mostcommonly cultured cause of a dog presenting with a disseminated fungal disease
Aspergillus terreus
194
disease caused by thisagent could properly be called zygomycosis
Mucor sp.
195
cause of pythiosis in dogs
Pythium insidiosum
196
spherule is the characteristictissue form of this fungi
Rhinosporidium seeberi
197
What must be demonstrated Histopathologically before a definitivediagnosis can be made of an infection with the monomorphic mycelial fungi?
Demonstration of hyphal elements invading thetissue
198
This monomorphic mycelial fungus causes serious problems in captive birdpopulations under stress.
Aspergillus fumigates
199
The usual cause of Canine DisseminatedAspergillosis.
Aspergillus terreus
200
This monomorphic mycelial fungus is the most common cause of mycotic abortionin cattle.
Aspergillis fumigatus
201
This is the most common agent isolated fromguttural pouch mycosis in the horse.
Aspergillus
202
Disease caused by this agent could properly becalled Zygomycosis.
Mucor sp.
203
This agent is the cause of pythiosis in dogs.
Pythium insidiosum
204
This agent, a common cause of the diseasesoften labeled "phycomycosis" is actually not a fungus but mayactually belong in the kingdom ___?___.
Protista
205
What type of disease is associated with Pythium insidiosum?
Pythiosis
206
What is the ecological niche associated with Pythium insidiosum?
Stagnant water
207
What is the infective stage of Pythiuminsidiosum to animals?
Motile zoospores
208
How effective are antifungal drugs in the treatment of pythiosis?
not very
209
What is the ecological niche associated with Rhinosporidium seeberi?
stagnant water
210
The tissue phase of Rhinosporidium seeberi consists of:
spherules
211
The spherule is the characteristic tissue formof these two fungal species.
Rhinosporidium seeberi and Coccidioides immitis
212
This agent causes large nasal polyps in horses.
Rhinosporidiumseeberi
213
Newdiagnostic tests for Pythiosis: Whatdiagnostic tests are available for diagnosis of Pythiosis?
Sensitive & specificserologic, PCR, immunochemical tools
214
Equine Pythiosis: What was the successful treatment regimen forthe Pythiosis infection in the horse in this article?
Surgical and antifungal drugs
215
Pythiosis in Dogs: What does the author say about the incidenceof Pythiosis in dogs in the United States?
Not known but thenumber of cases have risen over 5 years.
216
What is the key element in having a successful outcome withimmunotherapy in dogs (and horses)?
Early diagnosis.
Horses>90% and Canine >50%.
