F2 CHIA Study Guide F2 Informatics Specialisation Flashcards
(164 cards)
1
Q
What is Biomedical and health informatics?
A
Applies principles of computer and information science to life sciences research, health professions education, public health, and patient care
2
Q
What does informatics focus on?
A
Health information technologies (HIT) and involves computer, cognitive, and social sciences
3
Q
Define the science of informatics.
A
How to use data, information, and knowledge to improve human health and health care services
4
Q
What role does Health IT play in informatics?
A
Enables advancements in health care by providing tools to set knowledge in motion
5
Q
What is Biomedical informatics (BMI)?
A
Interdisciplinary field studying effective uses of biomedical data, information, and knowledge for scientific inquiry and decision making
6
Q
What does BMI develop and study?
A
Theories, methods, and processes for generation, storage, retrieval, use, and sharing of biomedical data, information, and knowledge
7
Q
What areas does BMI investigate?
A
Reasoning, modeling, simulation, experimentation, and translation across biological systems
8
Q
How does BMI relate to research?
A
Bridges basic and clinical research and practice in the healthcare enterprise
9
Q
What sciences does BMI draw upon?
A
Social and behavioral sciences to inform design and evaluation of technical solutions
10
Q
What is the impact of HIT on workforce needs?
A
Broadens and deepens the pool of workers to improve safety, quality, effectiveness, and efficiency of care
11
Q
What do biomedical and health informaticians understand?
A
The workflow of organizations and potential limitations of information technology
12
Q
What is the purpose of informaticians’ research?
A
To improve processes and propose solutions to technical, clinical, and organizational challenges
13
Q
What areas of practice does AMIA support?
A
Changing the way we approach health and healthcare
14
Q
How does AMIA support informatics professionals?
A
Through education, training, accreditation, and certification
15
Q
What opportunities does AMIA provide for its members?
A
Professional growth, collaboration, networking, and leadership opportunities
16
Q
Fill in the blank: AMIA is home to over ______ informatics professionals.
A
5,000
17
Q
What does AMIA aim to achieve?
A
To connect, learn, grow, and lead
18
Q
What is chemoinformatics?
A
The use of information technology and management to transform data into information and knowledge for better decision-making in drug lead identification and organization
Introduced by Frank K. Brown in 1998.
19
Q
When did the term chemoinformatics first appear in literature?
A
1998
20
Q
What are the two primary foundations of chemoinformatics?
A
- Drug discovery
- Information science
21
Q
What is the significance of molecular similarity analysis in chemoinformatics?
A
It quantifies the similarity of compounds as an indicator of similar properties.
22
Q
What does QSAR stand for?
A
Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship
23
Q
Fill in the blank: Chemoinformatics covers all computational methods for the representation and analysis of chemical structures and _______.
A
data
24
Q
What is a central theme of chemoinformatics since its early days?
A
Molecular similarity analysis
25
What are some computational approaches included in chemoinformatics for drug discovery?
* Virtual screening
* Data mining via machine learning
* Molecular design
* QSAR methods
26
True or False: Chemoinformatics has a narrow methodological spectrum.
False
27
What was a major driving force behind the development of chemoinformatics?
The need to manage large amounts of chemical data exceeding traditional data infrastructures.
28
What are some examples of major public repositories important for chemoinformatics?
* ChEMBL
* BindingDB
* PubChem
* ZINC
29
Fill in the blank: Chemoinformatics has remained a _______ discipline compared to bioinformatics.
niche
30
What was the core publication venue for chemoinformatics historically?
Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences (JCICS)
31
What educational programs in chemoinformatics were initiated in the early 2000s?
* Master's programs at the University of Sheffield
* University of Strasbourg
* Indiana University
32
What is the role of machine learning in chemoinformatics?
A key component since the early 1990s for data analysis and compound discovery.
33
What is the impact of open science initiatives on chemoinformatics?
They are crucial for increasing the impact of chemoinformatics through collaboration.
34
What has limited the expansion of chemoinformatics in academic settings?
Reluctance of chemistry departments to integrate chemoinformatics into curricula.
35
Fill in the blank: The _______ of chemoinformatics has been shaped by its roots in pharmaceutical environments.
development
36
What are some software tools and libraries important in chemoinformatics?
* RDKit
* Scikit-learn
* PyTorch
* TensorFlow
* Keras
37
What is one of the challenges faced by chemoinformatics as a scientific discipline?
Limited public funding sources and a perception of being an industrial affair.
38
True or False: Chemoinformatics has a strong academic presence globally.
False
39
What is expected to change regarding the education of chemists in the future?
Basic skills in informatics and data science will become essential.
40
What does the evolving chemoinformatics field encompass?
Intersections between drug discovery, chemistry, computer science, and information technology.
41
What is chemoinformatics?
A field that combines chemistry and informatics to manage and analyze chemical data
## Footnote
Chemoinformatics plays a crucial role in drug discovery and molecular design.
42
What is the purpose of computer-assisted planning of organic syntheses?
To facilitate the design and execution of organic synthesis through computational methods
## Footnote
This technology represents the second generation of programs in organic synthesis planning.
43
What does the term 'molecular promiscuity' refer to?
The ability of a molecule to interact with multiple biological targets
## Footnote
This concept is significant in medicinal chemistry for understanding drug interactions.
44
What is the role of deep generative molecular design in drug discovery?
It reshapes the approach to discovering new drugs by generating novel molecular structures
## Footnote
This technique utilizes advanced algorithms to explore chemical space.
45
What is AI-assisted synthesis prediction?
The use of artificial intelligence to predict the outcomes of chemical syntheses
## Footnote
This approach enhances the efficiency of the drug discovery process.
46
What is ChEMBL?
A large-scale bioactivity database for drug discovery
## Footnote
ChEMBL contains bioactivity data for various compounds and their interactions.
47
What is BindingDB?
A web-accessible database of experimentally determined protein–ligand binding affinities
## Footnote
BindingDB provides crucial information for understanding drug-target interactions.
48
What is the primary function of PubChem?
A public information system for analyzing the bioactivities of small molecules
## Footnote
PubChem is a key resource for researchers in medicinal chemistry.
49
What is the significance of ZINC?
A free database of commercially available compounds for virtual screening
## Footnote
ZINC facilitates the identification of potential drug candidates.
50
What is the purpose of UniProt?
A worldwide hub of protein knowledge
## Footnote
UniProt provides detailed information on protein sequences and functions.
51
What is the kinase chemogenomic set (KCGS)?
An open science resource for kinase vulnerability identification
## Footnote
KCGS aims to enhance the understanding of kinase biology and drug discovery.
52
What is EU-OPENSCREEN?
A novel collaborative approach to facilitate chemical biology
## Footnote
This initiative promotes sharing of chemical libraries and resources among researchers.
53
What does opnMe.com represent?
A digital initiative for sharing tools with the biomedical research community
## Footnote
opnMe.com aims to foster collaboration and resource sharing in the field.
54
What is RDKit?
Cheminformatics and machine learning software
## Footnote
RDKit is widely used for computational chemistry applications.
55
What is Scikit-learn?
A machine learning library in Python
## Footnote
Scikit-learn provides simple and efficient tools for data mining and analysis.
56
What is TensorFlow?
A large-scale machine learning framework for heterogeneous systems
## Footnote
TensorFlow is utilized in various applications, including deep learning.
57
What is the focus of cheminformatics education?
To address challenges in drug discovery through education and training in cheminformatics
## Footnote
Education in this field is crucial for developing skilled professionals.
58
What event is the Strasbourg Summer School in Chemoinformatics?
An educational event focused on chemoinformatics training
## Footnote
This school aims to enhance knowledge and skills in the field.
59
What is the aim of the School of cheminformatics in Latin America?
To promote education and research in cheminformatics
## Footnote
This initiative supports the development of local expertise in the field.
60
What is the primary focus of the document titled 'Digital education for building health workforce capacity'?
Building health workforce capacity through digital education
## Footnote
The document emphasizes the need for digital education to address health workforce challenges and improve service delivery.
61
What is the ISBN of the publication 'Digital education for building health workforce capacity'?
978-92-4-000047-6
62
Under what license is the work 'Digital education for building health workforce capacity' available?
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO)
63
What are the key areas addressed in the document regarding digital education?
Overview of global mandates, evidence of digital education, health system integration
## Footnote
The document discusses the intersection of global health mandates with digital health education.
64
What are the four levels of factors required to embed ICT in health education according to the document?
* External factors
* System-level factors
* Institutional factors
* Individual factors
65
True or False: The effectiveness of digital health education methods is consistent across all implementations.
False
66
What is a significant barrier to digital education mentioned in the document?
The digital divide
67
Fill in the blank: Digital education has the potential to improve the __________ of health professionals.
competencies and satisfaction
68
What does the term 'UHC' stand for in the context of health workforce development?
Universal Health Coverage
69
What is the relationship between health worker availability and population health outcomes?
Direct correlation
70
What are some proposed strategies to strengthen health workforce development?
* Increasing student enrolment
* Optimizing organizational management
* Increasing workforce retention
71
What does 'm-learning' stand for?
Mobile learning
72
What is one of the key themes identified in global health mandates related to health workforce?
Health workforce strengthening
73
What does the acronym 'SDG' stand for?
Sustainable Development Goals
74
Who commissioned the discussion paper 'Digital education for building health workforce capacity'?
World Health Organization (WHO)
75
What is the significance of the Global Strategy on Human Resources for Health: Workforce 2030?
It calls for transformative strategies in health worker education.
76
What should be considered regarding the culture and receptiveness of learning audiences towards digital education?
Trust in digital education methods
77
What is the role of digital health technologies in addressing health workforce challenges?
They are identified as potentially effective means to strengthen education and build capacity.
78
What is meant by 'serious gaming and gamification' in the context of digital education?
Innovative methods of engaging learners through game-like elements
79
What does 'e-health' refer to?
Electronic health
80
What is the potential of digital tools in addressing health workforce challenges?
Digital tools serve as a common denominator across approaches for tackling health workforce challenges.
## Footnote
Digital tools can enhance efficiency, training, and communication within health systems.
81
List some proposed strategies to strengthen health workforce development.
* Increasing student enrolment and graduation
* Optimizing organizational management
* Increasing workforce retention
* Regulating the labour market
* Facilitating cooperation across professional groups
* Aligning investments with population health needs
* Investing in health workforce jobs
* Facilitating intersectoral coordination
82
What is digital health or e-health?
An important tool to help countries establish safe, efficient, and sustainable health care delivery systems.
## Footnote
Digital health includes the use of ICT, AI, e-health, and m-health initiatives.
83
What are some key policy options in digital health?
* Utilize ICT systematically
* Develop standards for health data
* Create evidence-based guidelines for digital health interventions
* Build a repository of knowledge and best practices
* Develop legislation and data protection policies
* Improve population digital literacy
84
Why is educational capacity important for health workforce development?
It is crucial for addressing global health workforce shortages and ensuring quality education.
## Footnote
Educational capacity impacts recruitment and balancing workforce profiles according to needs.
85
What challenges are faced in faculty development for health professional educators?
Shortage of educators, multitasking, conflicting opportunities, different attitudes towards teaching, and insufficient incentives.
## Footnote
These factors hinder scaling up health professionals' education.
86
Why is updating health worker competencies important?
To support the shift towards integrated people-centred health services and to address the evolving health needs.
## Footnote
Investment in human resources and time is necessary for effective utilization of digital systems.
87
What is the future trend for health workers in high-income countries?
A significant shift towards healthcare driven by digital means, with 90% of jobs requiring digital skills within 20 years.
## Footnote
This trend is likely to be mirrored in emerging economies.
88
Fill in the blank: Digital education aims to _______ health workforce capacity.
[transform and scale up]
89
What are some potential capabilities of digital education for health professionals?
* Increase student enrolment
* Strengthen education capacity
* Remove geographical barriers
* Improve resource efficiency
* Support lifelong learning
* Improve learning outcomes
* Foster peer teaching
* Improve gender balance and inclusion
90
What is the definition of digital education?
The act of teaching and learning by means of digital technologies.
## Footnote
It includes specific pedagogies and instructional methods.
91
What is blended education?
Teaching and learning that integrates aspects of traditional and digital education.
## Footnote
The digital component can include online education and other modalities.
92
What are the key challenges identified in the literature regarding digital education?
* Lack of clear categorization
* Constantly evolving concepts
* Variety of methods and technologies
* Different delivery settings
93
How can digital education be structured?
By specific topics, disciplines, health worker roles, pedagogical approaches, and type of outcomes.
## Footnote
This structure can help in developing targeted educational content.
94
What is offline digital education?
An intervention requiring no internet connection, delivered through external media like CD-ROMs or USB sticks.
95
How does digital education compare to traditional education in terms of effectiveness?
Digital education is at least as effective as traditional education in improving knowledge and skills.
## Footnote
However, evidence varies based on learning objectives.
96
What is serious gaming and gamification in the context of digital education?
Competitive activities designed to promote knowledge acquisition through educational goals and simulations.
## Footnote
Gamification applies game characteristics to enhance learning experiences.
97
What is serious gaming and gamification (SGG)?
A competitive activity with educational goals to promote knowledge acquisition, including games designed for learning or simulations for skill practice.
## Footnote
SGG encompasses both serious games and gamification, which can be considered distinct but are grouped for analysis.
98
Define gamification.
The application of game characteristics and benefits to real-world processes or problems.
## Footnote
This definition highlights the use of game elements to enhance engagement and learning in non-game contexts.
99
Define serious games.
Games designed specifically for the serious purpose of providing health professional education via a digital device.
## Footnote
Serious games are distinct from traditional games as they focus on educational outcomes.
100
What is a Massive Open Online Course (MOOC)?
An online course designed for large numbers of geographically dispersed students.
## Footnote
MOOCs facilitate widespread access to education through the internet.
101
What is virtual reality (VR)?
A technology allowing users to explore and manipulate computer-generated 3D environments in real time, providing an active learning experience.
## Footnote
VR enables immersive interactions in a digital world.
102
What is a virtual patient (VP)?
Interactive computer simulations of real-life clinical scenarios for medical training, education, or assessment.
## Footnote
VPs are used to enhance practical learning in healthcare education.
103
Define digital psychomotor skills trainers (DPST).
An intervention involving training procedural skills that includes mental and motor activities required to execute a manual task.
## Footnote
DPSTs focus on developing practical skills through digital platforms.
104
What is mobile learning (m-learning)?
Learning across multiple contexts using portable, networked devices.
## Footnote
M-learning emphasizes the flexibility of learning anywhere, anytime.
105
True or False: Most studies of digital education have targeted non-medical professionals.
False. Approximately 90% of studies targeted medical students or doctors.
## Footnote
This statistic highlights the focus on medical education in digital learning research.
106
What is the potential advantage of blended learning in healthcare training?
Blended learning combines practical hands-on training with self-directed digital education.
## Footnote
This approach addresses the need for both theoretical knowledge and practical skills in health professions.
107
List some future trends in digital education.
* Virtual, augmented, mixed reality for skills development
* Personalized learning adapted to health needs
* AI and intelligent tutoring systems
* Redesigned learning spaces
* SGG for simulation and incentivized learning
* Utilizing social media for knowledge sharing
* Big data and learning analytics
* MOOCs and VLEs for larger audience training
* Developing standards for reporting digital health education trials
* Validity evidence on measurements used in trials
## Footnote
These trends indicate a shift towards more innovative and personalized educational approaches.
108
What are some barriers to effective e-learning interventions?
* Filtering and censorship barriers
* Language barriers
* Handicap access barriers
* Connectivity barriers
## Footnote
Addressing these barriers is crucial for the success of digital education initiatives.
109
What is the 'digital divide'?
Disparities in ICT access within and between countries, affecting vulnerable groups' ability to benefit from technology.
## Footnote
The digital divide exacerbates existing social inequalities.
110
What are the three WHO health system building blocks involved in integrating digital education?
* Health workforce
* Financing
* Leadership/governance
## Footnote
These blocks are essential for the successful incorporation of digital education into health systems.
111
What role do external factors play in embedding digital education into health systems?
* Population health and digital literacy
* Supportive policy environment
* Political buy-in
* Strong technological support
* Physical and financial access to technology
* Cultural receptiveness
## Footnote
These factors influence the effectiveness and sustainability of digital education initiatives.
112
What is the primary goal of digital health education according to stakeholders?
To address national health care issues through investment and demonstration of financial benefits.
## Footnote
Digital health education aims to stimulate government investment by showing how it can resolve healthcare challenges.
113
What are the key components required for the development of digital health education systems?
Infrastructure programmes and projects that leverage existing systems and provide technical support.
## Footnote
This includes ongoing development and operation of selected innovations.
114
Which stakeholders are emphasized for collaboration in digital health education?
Government ministries, academic health centres, health information vendors, NGOs, and the private sector.
## Footnote
Collaboration is vital for effective planning and implementation.
115
What is the role of academic systems in digital health education?
Involvement in accreditation and licensing processes.
## Footnote
This ensures that educational programs meet required standards.
116
What is necessary for effective monitoring and evaluation of ICT systems in health education?
Systematic insights on successful elements and those needing development.
## Footnote
Continuous evaluation helps improve educational outcomes.
117
Fill in the blank: Effective digital health education requires _______ to ensure a uniform assessment of educational institutions.
standardization of curricula and accreditation mechanisms.
## Footnote
Standardization helps in maintaining quality across different institutions.
118
What are the administrator-related factors crucial for leadership in digital health education?
Strategic thinking, problem-solving, political analysis, and community engagement.
## Footnote
These skills help in managing digital health education initiatives effectively.
119
What student-related factors can influence the success of e-learning courses?
Learner’s age, gender, previous technology use, motivation, and economic requirements.
## Footnote
These factors can impact a student's engagement and performance in digital learning.
120
True or False: Digital education strategies can effectively strengthen health workforce capacity.
True.
## Footnote
Properly designed strategies can increase student enrolment, improve learning outcomes, and deliver education to remote areas.
121
What is one potential advantage of digital education over traditional education?
It can deliver education to remote areas and facilitate lifelong learning.
## Footnote
This accessibility is crucial for health professionals in underserved regions.
122
What challenges are faced in the field of digital education according to the conclusions?
Low methodological quality of evidence, high risk of bias, and low validity of studies.
## Footnote
These challenges need to be addressed for robust recommendations.
123
What is a recommended approach for evaluating digital education programmes?
Long-term evaluation integrated into existing health professions’ curricula with standardized follow-up durations.
## Footnote
This approach ensures better assessment of knowledge retention and learner experience.
124
What is the significance of understanding the digital divide in health education?
To promote equity and avoid disadvantaging those with poor access to ICT.
## Footnote
Addressing the digital divide ensures all health workers can benefit from digital education.
125
What should drive the choice of digital education delivery methods?
The context and availability of resources, focusing on scalability and sustainability.
## Footnote
Choices should not be based solely on novelty but on effectiveness.
126
Fill in the blank: The NHS Digital Academy aims to train chief clinical information officers and chief information officers in _______.
data science skills and leadership.
## Footnote
This initiative is part of the UK's effort to enhance digital capabilities in health.
127
What is the goal of the Hai Phong University of Medicine and Pharmacy's e-learning initiative?
To improve the quality of and access to training for health workers, particularly in primary health care.
## Footnote
This initiative is supported by multiple governments and WHO.
128
What are some of the key positive aspects of the learners’ experience in the e-learning pilot programme?
Accessibility, flexibility, and adaptability.
## Footnote
These aspects contributed to the success of the e-learning modules.
129
What is the importance of technical support in digital education?
It ensures the stability, reliability, availability, and affordability of the required technology.
## Footnote
Ongoing technical support is essential for successful implementation and operation.
130
What types of educational modules should be planned for health professional training?
Pre-service, in-service training, formal degrees, workshops, courses, mentoring, and continuous training.
## Footnote
A variety of training methods enhances learning opportunities for health professionals.
131
What is the main goal of health workforce strengthening?
Increase the quantity, quality and relevance of health professionals
## Footnote
This is referenced from WHO guidelines and related documents.
132
What percentage of the health workforce do nurses and midwives constitute in many countries?
More than 50%
## Footnote
This statistic highlights the importance of nursing and midwifery in healthcare systems.
133
How does a country's capacity to employ health workers impact health systems?
Determines the demand for health workforce
## Footnote
This affects health systems and populations significantly.
134
What does digital health serve as for countries?
An important tool to establish safe, efficient and sustainable health care delivery systems
## Footnote
This relates to the integration of technology in healthcare.
135
What is the new model of health care provision focused on?
Strengthening the health workforce for comprehensive outpatient and ambulatory care
## Footnote
This involves equipping health workers with appropriate skills to meet population health needs.
136
What are key components of health assessment tools?
Addressing needs of target population, competencies required by health workers, ability of institutions to impart training
## Footnote
These components are crucial for effective health monitoring.
137
Fill in the blank: The World Health Organization's framework for action is titled 'Everybody’s business: strengthening health systems to improve health outcomes : WHO’s _______ for action.'
framework
## Footnote
This emphasizes the WHO's commitment to health system strengthening.
138
True or False: The Digital Health Education Collaboration has conducted a systematic review on mobile digital education for health professions.
True
## Footnote
This indicates ongoing research efforts in digital education within healthcare.
139
What is the purpose of the Global Health Observatory?
Monitor and assess population health indicators
## Footnote
It supports policy development and implementation.
140
List three references associated with digital health.
* World Health Assembly 66/24 (2013)
* Global diffusion of eHealth (2016)
* World Health Assembly 71/20 (2018)
## Footnote
These documents outline various aspects of digital health initiatives.
141
What is the significance of the Health Workforce Policies in OECD countries report?
Addresses right jobs, right skills, right places
## Footnote
This is essential for effective health workforce planning.
142
What is meant by 'integrated people-centred health services'?
Requires strengthening the health workforce to support comprehensive care
## Footnote
This model shifts focus from inpatient to outpatient care.
143
Fill in the blank: The systematic review by the Digital Health Education Collaboration on offline digital education for medical students was published in _______.
J Med Internet Res
## Footnote
This highlights the importance of offline learning methods in medical education.
144
What are the expected outcomes of health workforce investments?
Socioeconomic gains in quality education, gender equality, decent work, inclusive economic growth, and health and well-being
## Footnote
This emphasizes the broader impact of investing in health workforce.
145
What should health assessment tools address?
The needs of the target population and the competencies required by health workers
## Footnote
Health assessment tools must also consider the ability of institutions to provide necessary training and education.
146
What initiatives did WHO launch to monitor population health?
Initiatives to monitor and assess population health indicators and resources of national health systems
## Footnote
These initiatives support policy development and implementation.
147
Name three main programmes or agencies of WHO related to health assessment.
* Global Health Observatory
* National Health Workforce Accounts
* Global Observatory for eHealth
148
What is the focus of WHO's World Health Assembly 66/23 (2013)?
Transforming health workforce education in support of universal health coverage.
149
What must efforts to scale up health professionals' education address?
Issues of quality and relevance in order to address population health needs.
150
What does faculty development in health education refer to?
Strategies and formats that vary widely and are adapted to the specific needs of the country, institution, and learner.
151
What is increasingly important for health workers throughout their professional life?
Updating and maintaining knowledge and skills due to progress in technology and changing health demographics.
152
What are some questions requiring further research on digital education?
* Economic impact of digital education
* Effects on patient-centred outcomes
* Validity and reliability of measurement tools
* Barriers and facilitators to implementation
153
Fill in the blank: WHO launched initiatives to monitor and assess _______.
[population health indicators]
154
True or False: WHO's Global Health Workforce Network is an intersectoral coordination agency.
True
155
What is one of the aims of the World Health Assembly 71/4 (2018)?
Strengthening education and training capacity.
156
What year did WHO publish guidelines on transforming and scaling up health professional education?
2013
157
What is a key factor in optimizing health worker roles?
The exponential progress in technology, diagnostic tools, and treatment methods.
158
What does the term 'digital education' refer to in health professional education?
The use of digital technologies for health worker education and training.
159
Fill in the blank: The WHO eBook on integrating a social determinants of health approach into health workforce education was published in _______.
[2014]
160
What are some potential barriers to successful implementation of digital education?
[To be researched further]
161
What is one question regarding the effectiveness of digital education in different settings?
Is digital education effective in low- to middle-income countries?
162
What is one potential outcome of digital education on health workers?
Behavior change in clinical practice.
163
What is the long-term effectiveness of health worker competencies gained through digital education?
[To be researched further]
164
Fill in the blank: WHO's National health workforce accounts handbook was published in _______.
[2017]
