D.6 Change management

Question 1

What is the primary reason a species survives according to the quote by Megginson?

Answer 1

The species that survives is the one that is able best to adapt and adjust to the changing environment.

Question 2

List the methodologies discussed for change management.

Answer 2

• Kotter’s 8 Steps
• Prosci’s change management methodology (ADKAR)
• The Change Curve (Kubler Ross)
• The Change Leader’s Roadmap
• The Three-Stage Change model

Question 3

What is Step 1 of Kotter’s 8 Steps?

Answer 3

Establish a sense of urgency

Question 4

What does establishing a sense of urgency entail?

Answer 4

Encouraging stakeholders to see the need for change and convincing them of the importance of taking action immediately.

Question 5

What is Step 2 of Kotter’s 8 Steps?

Answer 5

Create the guiding coalition

Question 6

What are the four qualities of an effective guiding coalition according to Kotter?

Answer 6

• Positional power
• Expertise
• Credibility
• Leadership

Question 7

What is the purpose of developing a change vision in Kotter’s model?

Answer 7

To clarify how the future will be different from the past.

Question 8

What are the six characteristics of compelling visions as per Kotter?

Answer 8

• Imaginable
• Desirable
• Feasible
• Focused
• Flexible
• Communicable

Question 9

What does Step 4 of Kotter’s 8 Steps focus on?

Answer 9

Communicate the vision for buy-in

Question 10

List the four key communication strategies Kotter recommends for vision communication.

Answer 10

• Simple
• Vivid
• Repeatable
• Invitational

Question 11

What is the focus of Step 5 in Kotter’s 8 Steps?

Answer 11

Empower broad-based action

Question 12

What does generating short-term wins involve according to Step 6 of Kotter’s model?

Answer 12

Creating visible, unambiguous success as soon as possible and recognizing and rewarding those involved.

Question 13

What is the significance of Step 7 ‘Never let up’ in Kotter’s model?

Answer 13

To use the momentum built to address things that don’t fit the vision.

Question 14

What does Step 8 of Kotter’s 8 Steps entail?

Answer 14

Incorporate changes into the culture

Question 15

What are the three main components of Prosci’s change management methodology?

Answer 15

• The 3-phase process
• The PCT model
• The ADKAR model

Question 16

What are the three phases of Prosci’s change management process?

Answer 16

• Preparing the approach
• Managing the change
• Sustaining the outcomes

Question 17

What does the PCT model emphasize?

Answer 17

• A well-articulated definition of success
• Strong leadership/sponsorship
• Effective project management
• Effective change management

Question 18

What does the ADKAR model stand for?

Answer 18

• Awareness
• Desire
• Knowledge
• Ability
• Reinforcement

Question 19

What are the five stages of grief according to Kubler-Ross’s change curve?

Answer 19

• Denial
• Anger
• Bargaining
• Depression
• Acceptance

Question 20

What is the basic premise of change curve models?

Answer 20

Individuals tend to experience specific reactions to change at different rates and degrees.

Question 21

What is the first phase of the Change Leader’s Roadmap?

Answer 21

Preparing

Question 22

List the nine phases of the Change Leader’s Roadmap.

Answer 22

• Preparing
• Creating the vision, commitment and capability
• Assessing to determine design requirements
• Designing the desired state
• Analysing the impacts
• Planning and organising for implementation
• Implementing
• Celebrating and integrating
• Learning and correcting (fine-tuning)

Question 23

What is the focus of the phase ‘Creating the vision, commitment and capability’ in the Change Leader’s Roadmap?

Answer 23

Fleshing out and validating the initial phase by taking it outside the change team to the whole organisation.

Question 24

What is the first stage of Kurt Lewin’s Three-Stage Model for change?

Answer 24

Unfreezing

This stage involves preparing the organization to accept that change is necessary by breaking down the status quo.

Question 25

What are the keys to the unfreezing stage in Lewin’s model?

Answer 25

* Developing a compelling message showing why the status quo cannot continue * Challenging existing beliefs, values, attitudes, and behaviors * Creating a compelling need for change * Communicating the vision for change * Managing doubts and concerns * Addressing stakeholder concerns

Question 26

What is the main focus of the changing stage in Lewin’s model?

Answer 26

Resolving uncertainty and looking for new ways ## Footnote People need to understand how proposed changes will benefit them.

Question 27

What criticalities must be addressed during the changing stage?

Answer 27

* Communicating often * Preparing stakeholders * Dispelling rumors * Empowering action * Involving people in the process * Generating short-term wins

Question 28

What does the refreezing stage involve?

Answer 28

Consolidating changes and ensuring they are embraced by the organization ## Footnote Celebrating success is part of this process.

Question 29

What are the criticalities in the refreezing stage?

Answer 29

* Anchoring changes into the culture * Identifying enablers and barriers * Ensuring leadership support * Providing support and training * Celebrating success

Question 30

What factors influence the uptake of innovations in health service delivery according to Greenhalgh et al.?

Answer 30

* Relative advantage * Compatibility * Complexity * Trialability * Observability * Reinvention * Risk * Task Issues * Knowledge required * Augmentation/Support

Question 31

What is meant by 'relative advantage' in the context of innovation uptake?

Answer 31

Innovations with a clear, unambiguous advantage in effectiveness or cost-effectiveness are more easily adopted.

Question 32

What is 'compatibility' in relation to innovation adoption?

Answer 32

Innovations that align with the intended adopters’ values, norms, and perceived needs are more readily adopted.

Question 33

What role do champions play in the adoption of innovations?

Answer 33

Adoption by individuals is more likely if key players in their social networks support the innovation.

Question 34

What is the significance of 'absorptive capacity for new knowledge' in organizations?

Answer 34

Organizations that can identify, capture, and utilize new knowledge are better able to assimilate innovations.

Question 35

What are some common human reactions to conflict in change projects?

Answer 35

* Avoidance * Victim behaviors * Aggression * Competition * Cooperation/peace-building

Question 36

What is a key approach to conflict resolution?

Answer 36

Ensuring that good relationships are the priority ## Footnote This requires calmness, courtesy, and efforts to build mutual respect.

Question 37

How does transformation differ from change?

Answer 37

Transformation is about creating something fundamentally new, while change often involves improving existing structures.

Question 38

Fill in the blank: The future desired result in transformation is very _______.

Answer 38

different and new.

Question 39

True or False: Change management models are often used as prescriptive processes.

Answer 39

False ## Footnote They are typically used as guiding frameworks.

Question 40

What is one of the dangers mentioned regarding managing change?

Answer 40

The enmity of those who benefit from the status quo.

Question 41

What is the future result of incremental change?

Answer 41

A reconditioned or improved version of the past ## Footnote Incremental change is often referred to as 'business as usual'.

Question 42

What does transformation aim to achieve?

Answer 42

A future that is very different and new ## Footnote Transformation fundamentally changes services and systems.

Question 43

How does incremental change affect services?

Answer 43

Makes services better, cheaper, faster, more efficient ## Footnote Incremental change focuses on improving existing processes.

Question 44

What is a key characteristic of transformation?

Answer 44

Makes services fundamentally different ## Footnote Transformation alters the fundamental nature of services.

Question 45

What is the scale of incremental change compared to transformation?

Answer 45

Can be small and incremental or large and complex ## Footnote Incremental change does not always have to be significant.

Question 46

What is the typical size of transformation initiatives?

Answer 46

Almost always large and significant ## Footnote Transformation involves substantial shifts in operations.

Question 47

What does change involve in terms of implementation?

Answer 47

Implementing finite, well-defined shifts ## Footnote Changes may or may not affect the entire organization.

Question 48

What does transformation require for implementation?

Answer 48

Reinventing the organisation and its business model ## Footnote Transformation is based on a vision for the future.

Question 49

Where can incremental change originate from?

Answer 49

Any part of the organisation ## Footnote Incremental change can be initiated by various levels within the organization.

Question 50

Where should transformation initiatives originate?

Answer 50

At the highest level of the organisation ## Footnote Transformation is strategic and requires top-level support.

Question 51

What is the nature of transformation compared to change?

Answer 51

Bigger, longer-term, and more complex ## Footnote Transformation involves a broader scope and impact.

Question 52

What is unique about digital transformation?

Answer 52

Leads to new phases of continuous change in organisations ## Footnote Digital technologies create ongoing change beyond traditional perspectives.