FINAL Fine Arts Flashcards

Question

Answer 1

**Gilbert Stuart** **The Skater/William Grant, 1782** - William Grant is the figure - shows dynamic/motion =new style - the portrayed is part of the surrounding, new with outdoors - a real/existing background / Memorable location - upper body still in sitter pose - monocromatic=the actual color of a winter day

Answer 2

Frederick Church 1860→ Twilight in the Wilderness-- * SUBLIME SKY * During the civil war – others were thinking of it as the twilight of society * Also referred to as - Worshipping at the alter of nature * The introduction of chromium colors made it possivle to paint the sunset

Answer 3

ROBERT FEKE→ 1741-1751 * Born in Oyster Bay, LI-Works in Newport * Stylistically flat and pastel * SUPER GOOD AT FABRICS-- people wanted to show their wealth because of textile rarity

Answer 4

ASHER B. DURAND 1796-1886 * Patron and contemporary of Cole (1835) * Leading landscape painter after Cole’s death * more specific depiction of trees * The beauty of nature. Create a mood with nature * Plays with the contrast of cultivated and wild

Answer 5

**Ralph Earl,** **Daniel Boardman, 1789** - Stans before his landownings in Gainbough, Connecticut

Answer 6

ASHER B. DURAND 1796-1886 * Patron and contemporary of Cole (1835) * Leading landscape painter after Cole’s death * more specific depiction of trees * The beauty of nature. Create a mood with nature * Plays with the contrast of cultivated and wild

Answer 7

John Greenwood, 1747→ Greenwood Lee Family * Another attempt to copy the Bermuda group in formation * Queen Anne (English) chair and no turkey work has a turkish hat on (turkery) * Shows idea of furniture as something of wealth * No unrealistic background * A network of artists and they all know who was doing what where * Gazes have changed from Smiberts, interacting with each other through gazes

Answer 8

1801-48 active 1830-40s - Born in England. Comes to US in 1818 - 1st generation Hudson River School HRS - Framing elements - NYC generated attention from William Dunlauo, Asher Durand, John Trumbull, - Luman Reed - a patron of HRS - wilderness vs civilization -\> industriualisation - no specific depiction of trees

Answer 9

1670→ Freake-Gibbs Painting/Limner (Painted the whole family)/ * Alberti’s lines perspective, would not have read Alberti but would have been aware of this method of composing pictures * → Elizabeth Freake and baby Mary (Redone to add baby)

Answer 10

**Gilbert Stuart** **Washington 1795** - *_Vaughn_* - facing right - no attire or extras = a federal man rather than royal - focus on him, not the background

Answer 11

JASPER CROPSEY 1860→ Autumn on the Hudson River * known for making autumn autumnal * second rate painter * he was not in US when he painted it

Answer 12

1771→ Penn’s Treaty with the Indians * Creation of Pennsylvania * American’s trick Indians (relay)

Answer 13

**George Caleb Bingham 1811-1879** - Born Virginia, moven to Missuri - trained with Chester Harding - 1838 introduced to genre paintings by Sidney Mount - American Art Union distrubuted his works/prints **Fur traders descending the Missouri, 1845** - older gentleman and young boy (look care free, enjoying the ride) decending the moissuri river - in front, young bear that they have captured - foreground very detailed. Background lumenous and arieal perspective - great depiction of the water. reflective, still and calm - acclaimed one of his best

Answer 14

FRANCIS EDMONDS 1858 → The new bonnet

Answer 15

Asher Durand 1849 - Beeches * Arcadian scene of beeches (framing elements of the trees) * Pastoral landscape at its finest * has a shepard way off in the background, a cultivated landscape to some degree 1855 - In the Woods * A more ruskinian view of nature. Encouraging artist to look close on nature. A scene that is more so less wild.

Answer 16

Albert Bierstadt 1863 * Not as metrically painted as church. You cannot tell each tree * An extreme and dramatic proportion of nature * Compositionally he is not as intuitive as Church * Natives and their artifacts in the front. Major focal point in the center. You are drawn back and forth between the foreground and the background

Answer 17

**William Rush 1756-1833** - Learned to carve from his father who was a ship carver - starts off carving boat parts - Helps Rembrandt Peale found Coulumbiana - Re-invent himself. Start working as a sculting professor & works in caramics and terracotta **Self portrait 1822**

Answer 18

FREDERIC EDWIN CHURCH 1826-1900 (active 1850s) * Attention to specificity of details * Supremely talented painter * Mid 20s trains with Cole for 3 years, Cole’s only student * Incredibly specific depictions of natural elements * Sublime→ in sky and in the subjects he chooses

Answer 19

John Krimmel Election day 184 - Independence Hall=prid eof the nation - Only white men got to vote. No matter their condition

Answer 20

Robert Feke, Portrait of a Woman, 1748

Answer 21

FRANCIS EDMONS (active 1840s-50s) * Mysterious figure. Used different names. * Easy to read, genre painting, simple subjects * influenced by Mount * Literal representations

Answer 22

Thomas Cole Course of Empire Destruction stage 1834-36 * when man loses touch with nature. * Everything is falling apart * Fallen civilization

Answer 23

**John Krimmel** **The Quilting Frolic 1813** - Impled narrative/telling a story/specific moment - Krimmel shows what he can do. Types, objects, - Very nationalistic - Washington in center=father of the country - Black shown as caricatures

Answer 24

Thomas Cole the oxbow 1836 * Wild/savage on one side and pastoral on the other * Progress is coming across * Storm blasted three in front, reminds us of god’s power

Answer 25

Benjamin West 1817 (1796) → Death on a Pale Horse “Rubenist”, bold diagonals, high drama

Answer 26

William Sidney Mount 1836 → Farmers nooning * individualized black man. * contradiction - can be read in many ways, Either the black man is being lazy or he’s just resting and it’s a nice scene * The kid is wearing a Tam o’shanter, which was typically associated with Scottish people and Scottish people are abolitionist * Can be read as abolitionist are telling blacks what they want to hear but they are deceiving him * Wearing nicer clothes than the white men, suggesting that blacks are better off under the control of white masters, better taken care of

Answer 27

**Rapaelle Peale** - Has the skill but refuses to paint portraits - Lack of concern about conventions - People interpret thm as representeations of psychological themes - one can unpack mnultiple meanings - his paintings connect with various audience depending on which angle you take on reading it. **Blackberris, 1812** - berries are almost touching table -

Answer 28

Matthew Pratt, 1765→ The American School * Chippendale chair * West’s studio in London, West is figure on left

Answer 29

**John Trumbull** **Death of general Warren at the Battle fo Bunker Hill 1775/1786** - human values/morality not action is the subject - multiple scenes into narrative. invented scene - diagonal sweep (often in history paintings. Barouque style) - dramiatic baroque style - subscription print

Answer 30

**John Gast - from StLouis (lived in NYC)** **American progress 1872** - Floating seamlessly into the west - the idealization of American west - to right Manhattan & brooklyn bridge a technical invention - telephone wires - wester exspansion. Bringing civilization. - groupings of types. farmers, terrified natives, mountain men with horse, running buffalos - she is carrying a schoolbook - brings education tot he west - “god wanted us here. he showed us the new world” - the idea that the west consisted of nothing. mountains, indians, buffalos - 1893 - the frontier is over. then about bringing it together. - the fantasy of freedom - idealization of expansion

Answer 31

Frederick Church 1859→ Heart of the Andes * South America as a destination * ATTENTION TO DETAIL * Every mini part of this work is a mini painting * a church is depicted * Always God is omnipresent

Answer 32

FREDERIC EDWIN CHURCH 1826-1900 (active 1850s) * Attention to specificity of details * Supremely talented painter * Mid 20s trains with Cole for 3 years, Cole’s only student * Incredibly specific depictions of natural elements * Sublime→ in sky and in the subjects he chooses

Answer 33

John Vanderlyn Adriane asleep in the island of naxos 1815 - nudity ok if historical/religious scene - dramiatic lighting - not so strict with anatohmy, idealization

Answer 34

**Gilbert Stuart** **Washington 1796** - *Antheneaum* - Used on the dollar bill - Saved the painting to produce more similar once

Answer 35

**Charles Wilson Peale** **Artist in his museum 1822** - museum, place for public entertainment - Linneaus organizing of nature - in Independence Hall

Answer 36

John Singleton Copley 1765→ Henry Pelham, Boy with the Squirrel He step towards English highs style

Answer 37

Frederick Church Niagara Falls 1857 * No framing elements, the waterfall itself * panoramic view * Niagara as an important american landscape * Shows someone who has studied how water goes over a rock and changes in color and tone as it falls * Not only looking at mist to understand how it transforms vision but figuring out a way to replicate it throughout the scene * Seen as this ultimate point of sublimity

Answer 38

**John Trumbull** **The declaration of Independence 1786** - for the US capitol Rotunda - President Jefferson - no one is signing = euqality - Trumbulls most renowned painting

Answer 39

John Singleton Copley, Paul Revere, 1768,

Answer 40

Frederick Church Niagara Falls 1857 * No framing elements, the waterfall itself * panoramic view * Niagara as an important american landscape * Shows someone who has studied how water goes over a rock and changes in color and tone as it falls * Not only looking at mist to understand how it transforms vision but figuring out a way to replicate it throughout the scene * Seen as this ultimate point of sublimity

Answer 41

**Gilbert Stuart** **Washington 1796** - *_Lansdowne_* - outreaching arm - objects of material culture = wealth & educated - ship = trade - scrolls = the constitution - inc feather = signing of independence

Answer 42

**Hiriam Powers** **California 1850-55** - Version of Greek Slave (only way to show nudity) - First american sculpture in the MET - Quarts/gold crystals = symbolized mineral wealth, and is stabalizing the sculpture - holds a thorn = “all is not gold that glitters”

Answer 43

Augustine Clement, 1664→ Dr. John Clarke First American painting

Answer 44

**A.F Tait** **The life of a Hunter, 1858** - Masculinity - what men dream about. To stare down the danger - the idea of conquering nature

Answer 45

**George Caleb Bingham** **Jolly Flatboatmen, 1846** - Depicts the importance of the river in the west - working conditions at the time - idealized relaxed images for the easterners/north - horixontal lines and triangular composition to place focus on dnacing man - the innocence and wildness of the west, scenery and stillness of the river

Answer 46

JASPER CROPSEY 1860→ Autumn on the Hudson River * known for making autumn autumnal * second rate painter * he was not in US when he painted it

Answer 47

**Erastus Dow Palmer** **Indian girl/the dawn of Christianity 1853-56** - holding a cross. Makes it ok to sow her naked - idealized contrapasto posture

Answer 48

**William T Ranney** **Kit Karson, 1845** - idealized image - only carrying a blanket and some liqure. Where is the lagguage? - images for the eastern market - if you are a white amn who lives like an indian. It is of chice=it is masculine and cool - City living = too cilvilized. wanted to be reminded of te wild life. To live life

Answer 49

Thomas Cole Course of Empire Destruction stage 1834-36 * when man loses touch with nature. * Everything is falling apart * Fallen civilization

Answer 50

**John Vanderlyn 1775-1852** - Trains briefly with Gilbert Stuart - studies in France - Tight Neoclassical style. Grand manner. - Inspired by Jaque Louis David

Answer 51

**Severin Roesen 1815-1872** - Crouded compositions - From germany - Decorative rather than intellectually challanging - Victorians loved thair still lifes - From templates - insp dutch 17/18 C paintings. Color, composition **Still Life with Fruit and Champagne, 1852**

Answer 52

Robert Feke 1741 - Isaac Royall and His Family * inspired by Smibert’s Bermuda group * 4 adults 1 child * Family from Newport * Self taught painter * Has studied Smibert’s Bermuda group * Turkey carpet * Feke→ does not accomplish the transversal gazes of Smibert, Feke’s figures are stiff and waxlike

Answer 53

Benjamin West 1768→ West, Agrippina Bringing the Ashes of Germanicus to Brundisium * Showing of historical knowledge * Sculptural, Neoclassical, nods to Classicism, looking back to Ancient forms. * Background building could be based off of Robert Allen’s print Could be Diocletians palace. Central group from the frieze on Ara Pacis in Rome. * Painting is meant to evoke idea of sacrificing one’s self for others-- moralistic ideals, religious ideals. White dress=purity and morality * “Poussinist”, tight linear style, strong direct lighting, horizontal lines, bold colors * Her husband is Germanicus

Answer 54

JOHN FREDERICK KENSETT 1816-72 (active late 1850s) * Begun his career as a engraver * Goes to Europe with Durand… * Returns to America 1847 * Silvery, misty, sparkley * Known for his lake George scenes * Meditative contemplative relationship with nature

Answer 55

John Frederick Kensett, Lake George, 1856 * emerging vacationing class * these areas were becoming the summer destination for wealthy New York City families

Answer 56

**_Gilbert Stuart 1755-1828_** **Selfportrait 1778** - Born in Rohode Island - 1775 England, 1777 with West - the artist myth. Drinking, gambling - active in Ireland 1787-93 - the best portrait painter of the time, and he enjoyed portraits - He was talketive and funny. People enjoyed sitting for him - really understand color & composition _Portraits of washington:_ ***Vaughn*** - facing right ***Antheneum*** - facing left, unfinished ***Lansdowne*** - facing left, standing, arm reaches out

Answer 57

Thomas Cole Course of Empire Desolation stage 1834-36 * The works of man has faded. Nature wins

Answer 58

**Charles Deas** **The death struggle, 1845** - wester story - escaping afight with the indain. - Everyone is terrified except the white man. stronger, calm, on a white horse - fiction, art, political action - imaginiative/fiction - both indians same features=no personallity. depicted as a group, not individuals

Answer 59

**Hiriam Powers** **The Greek Slave 1851** - Cultural phenomena - Toured the country - Not about modern slavery. She was chained by the turks. - Religious mythology. Only thing that can save her in Christianity

Answer 60

Jeremiah Theus, 1757→ Elizabeth Wragg Manigault * This is representational of Southern portraiture * Charleston society * Fabrics are still important in their placement and depiction in portraits as they still work to show wealth

Answer 61

Peter Pelham, 1727 → Cotton Mater print. Maybe first print in Am., did prints of Smibert’s paintings)

Answer 62

Thomas Cole Course of Empire - 1834-36 Savage State * ideal state of natural world - untouched * calm * hunters teepees

Answer 63

Asher Durand 1849 - Kindred Spirits * Depiction of Cole and WC Bryant in the Catskills as a memorial piece * Romantic themes * Typical framing elements and makeup of landscape painting

Answer 64

**John Wesley Jarvis,** **Mrs. Robert Dickey (Anne Brown), ca. 1807-10.**

Answer 65

**Charles Wilson Peale** **the Peale family 1773-1809**

Answer 66

Thomas Cole Course of Empire Desolation stage 1834-36 * The works of man has faded. Nature wins

Answer 67

**Charles Bird King** **Young Omahaw..., 1822** - the is all about indians 1820-50s - the typical stereotype - one of his better paintings

Answer 68

BENJAMIN WEST * American Career→ 1748-1760 * Moves to England in 1763 * Leaves for England becomes president of the Royal Academy 1792, was allowed in earlier * Will Influence generations of American painters who travel to London to study

Answer 69

**William Rush** **Eagel 1809-11** - Iron on wood - For st. Johns Church

Answer 70

**Charlestown stone cutter, Boston, 1678** - mannerist style - symbol of death - hourgass = your time is counted

Answer 71

Albert Bierstadt 1830-1902 (active 1860s) * Looking at the West as Arcadian * He trained in Germany, Dusseldorf * Moody and tonal painter. Mountains fading out. A sense of space and sparseness * The landscape had a sense of the sublime * An emotional description of the drama that cannot be caught in a photo.

Answer 72

Asher Durand 1849 - Beeches * Arcadian scene of beeches (framing elements of the trees) * Pastoral landscape at its finest * has a shepard way off in the background, a cultivated landscape to some degree 1855 - In the Woods * A more ruskinian view of nature. Encouraging artist to look close on nature. A scene that is more so less wild.

Answer 73

**Horatio Greenough** - Learns to carve from local stone cutter - Goes to Hardward, meets Washignton Allston and become “best friends” - neocalsssical instyle - whole career in Italy **Bust of Washington 1832**

Answer 74

**William Sidney Mount** **Bar room scene 1835** - Exclusion of the black man. No individualistic treatment. - Sereotypical rasist view. - Dectinction of class. The dancer has broken ragged clothes. Also he is not facing us. He is placed in the center and everyone is looking at him as if he is diminished on power/hierarchy. - Focuses on the figures and the relationship between them. Showing the differentiation in power. He is excluded. - The meaning is in the viewer.

Answer 75

**Charles Wilson Peale 1741-1827** **(By Benjamin West 1767)** - Born In maryland. Stared painting 1760s - Went to Harvard, met Copley 1765 - Studies with West, 1767-69 - Moves to Philly 1776 - Serves in the militiary during the Revolutionary War (1775-1783). - Founder Museum of Natural History Philly 1802 - Columbnianum 1794 - Founder Philly Academy of Fine Arts 1805 - Eggshaped heads

Answer 76

Thomas Cole the oxbow 1836 * Wild/savage on one side and pastoral on the other * Progress is coming across * Storm blasted three in front, reminds us of god’s power

Answer 77

Thomas Cole 1840 Voyage of life **Childhood** Dawn. Emerging from a cave **Youth** You are ready to go on your own **Manhood** Praying on a boat. The angle is far away **Old age** The angle had come back. And drags you to the light (life is over). The water I calm again.

Answer 78

John Singleton Copley 1775 Mr and Mrs. Ralph Izard * He started using Classical structure in the background * Showing wealth in their clothes * Shows travel with different antiquities * Stayed in Copley’s studio for his life

Answer 79

John Frederick Kensett, Lake George, 1856 * emerging vacationing class * these areas were becoming the summer destination for wealthy New York City families

Answer 80

Albert Bierstadt Looking Up Yosemite Valley, 1865-67 * The landscape is fixed to look more romantic and clean. To exaggerate the experience of the view * One of the most used view points of the montains. At this time, this view gets established as the view to show the valley. * The distortions of the view makes the result look more dramatic than the real view.

Answer 81

John Krimmel 1786-1821 - Born in Germay - Emigrates to Philladelphia (had become US artistic center) - 1st American gnere painting generation - Influenced by british genre painter Davied Wilkie - Joined Thomas Sully’s sketching club together with Rembrandt Peale

Answer 82

Frederick Church 1859→ Heart of the Andes * South America as a destination * ATTENTION TO DETAIL * Every mini part of this work is a mini painting * a church is depicted * Always God is omnipresent

Answer 83

John Singleton Copley 1776 → Copley family. Brushier, glazing, softness, color management, flow of light and shadow, focus on faces rather than surroundings.

Answer 84

William Sidney Mount 1841 → Cider making * Election year. Making fun of president candidate. Hard cider and lodges * Was once believed to be from Long Island however; from the mountain in the background we can assume it’s probably not Long Island but it still stands as an emblem of the North East * 1841, William Henry Harrison was elected to presidency, “didn’t have a damn thing to say about anything”. President based off of hard cider and log cabins. Had no real platform accepted for being anti MVB… who was urban, refined “the little magician” * Political satire

Answer 85

GEORGE CALEB BINGHAM 1811-79 * Paintings for New Yorkers to show the excotic mid West. Too civilized, had lost their wild freedom * introduced to genre painting by Mount 1838 * square heads * disproportional bodies

Answer 86

**John Trumbull 1756-1843** - one generation after Copley/West/Peale - 1780, England with West - Europe back and forth total 24 years - 1825 meets Louis David - Founded Philadelphia Academy of Fine arts - early portraits, detailed & sharp - develops sense of coloring - Scenes from Revolutionary War - want to do history painting - rubenist **Selfportrait 1777** - pallet=painter - book= litterate/educated. full bound was most expensive - full colors = can afford it/organized - reflection = reminds us of copley

Answer 87

Albert Bierstadt Looking Up Yosemite Valley, 1865-67 * The landscape is fixed to look more romantic and clean. To exaggerate the experience of the view * One of the most used view points of the montains. At this time, this view gets established as the view to show the valley. * The distortions of the view makes the result look more dramatic than the real view.

Answer 88

Albert Bierstadt 1830-1902 (active 1860s) * Looking at the West as Arcadian * He trained in Germany, Dusseldorf * Moody and tonal painter. Mountains fading out. A sense of space and sparseness * The landscape had a sense of the sublime * An emotional description of the drama that cannot be caught in a photo.

Answer 89

Thomas Cole Course of Empire Consummation of Empire stage 1834-36 * mighty civilization * the man made is crowding out the natural divine

Answer 90

Thomas Cole Course of Empire - 1834-36 Savage State * ideal state of natural world - untouched * calm * hunters teepees

Answer 91

**Jean Antoinet Houdon** **Washington 1788** - French sculptor - most resembling of Washington - walking stick= the gentleman farmer - the ability to walk away from power - Column, roman story

Answer 92

John Smibert 1728→ The Bermuda Group * Wainwright was the patron, Berkeley was the minister and idea man→ wanted to create a religious school in the Caribbean to minister to indigenous peoples there, Western Civilization * Looks back to Classical styles. made up background with columns. * First group portrait known in the colonies * This becomes a model which artists in the colonies will continuously copy

Answer 93

Capt. Thomas Smith, Major Thomas Savage 1679 * Attributes and background tell * you what he worked with. Baroque composition

Answer 94

**William Rush** **Nymph & Bittern 1812/1854** - was at first a fountain

Answer 95

**Charles Wilson Peale** **Washington after the battle of Princeton 1770/1789-92** -how quickly he lost his technique after being away from England

Answer 96

Asher Durand 1849 - Kindred Spirits * Depiction of Cole and WC Bryant in the Catskills as a memorial piece * Romantic themes * Typical framing elements and makeup of landscape painting

Answer 97

The course of Empire 1834-36 * Allegorical study * Classical references to warn americans - industrialization - will destroy humanity * Pastoral scene is Cole’s ideal scene for mankind * HRS integrally connected to God, Nature, and Man. * How does man get divine salvation? By maintaining a close relationship to God’s natural world.

Answer 98

**Charles Wilson Peale** **Washington at battle of Princeton 1784** - aristocratic full lenght - In a former royal frame - dressed in yellow and blue after the revolutionary war

Answer 99

John Trumbull George Washington, 1780

Answer 100

Frederick Church 1860→ Twilight in the Wilderness-- * SUBLIME SKY * During the civil war – others were thinking of it as the twilight of society * Also referred to as - Worshipping at the alter of nature * The introduction of chromium colors made it possivle to paint the sunset

Answer 101

The course of Empire 1834-36 * Allegorical study * Classical references to warn americans - industrialization - will destroy humanity * Pastoral scene is Cole’s ideal scene for mankind * HRS integrally connected to God, Nature, and Man. * How does man get divine salvation? By maintaining a close relationship to God’s natural world.

Answer 102

Thomas Cole Course of Empire Pastoral stage 1834-36 * shepard. old vs. young. ruins. stone on mountains=god, cultivation of land * settled land. pre urban ancient greece

FINAL Fine Arts Flashcards

(127 cards)