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BIBC120 > Final - Lecture 13 & 14 > Flashcards

Final - Lecture 13 & 14 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the water input/output amounts per day for fluids, food, and metabolic sources?

A 
In | out
Fluids: 1.0 L | 1.4 L Urine
Food: 1.0 L | 0.1 L Stool
Metabolic: 0.4 L | 0.9 L sweat/breath
Total: 2.4 L | 2.4L
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2
Q

How much water is lost during vigorous exercise?

A

1L/hr

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3
Q

How much water is lost during air travel?

A

1.5 L during a 3 hour flight due to dryer air

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4
Q

Water deficiency symptoms

A

dehydration (flushed skin, nausea, headache).

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5
Q

Water overdose symptoms

A

Overwhelms kidneys -> water intoxication & low Na in blood

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6
Q

What are the requirements for a mineral to be classified as a major mineral?

A

RDA of over 100mg/d or more than 0.01% of body weight

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7
Q

What is bioavailability?

A

% absorbed by the body

Ex) macronutrients is 90-95%, minerals is 2-60%

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8
Q

What are antinutrients?

A

Molecules that restrict bioavailibility by inhibiting absorption

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9
Q

What is phytic acid (inositol-Pi_6) and where is it found?

A

It is an antinutrient for Zn. Found in whole grains, beans, nuts, seeds and unleavened bread (leavened bread has less due to break down by yeast)

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10
Q

What is Oxalic acid and where is it found?

A

Antinutrient for Ca. High concentration in spinach.

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11
Q

Tannins?

A

Antinutrient for Fe. High in tea and coffee

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12
Q

Where is most calcium found in the body?

A

99% of calcium is found in the bones and teeth in the form of a complex called hyroxyapetite (Ca-PO4-OH)

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13
Q

What are calcium’s bioavailability and absorption requirements

A

25% - Vitamin D is necessary for absorption

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14
Q

What are calcium’s signaling functions?

A

Neurotransmission and Muscle contraction

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15
Q

What are calcium’s structural functions?

A

Major component of bones and teeth, which are dynamic structures.

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16
Q

What do osteoblasts do?

A

They build bones.

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17
Q

What do osteoclasts do?

A

Bone resorption/breakdown of mineral matrix.

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18
Q

Explain the interaction between osteoblasts and osteoclasts.

A

Net addition of Ca to bones until 20-25 years then turnover. Skeleton completely regenerates every 7 years.

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19
Q

What is the normal range of calcium in blood?

A

8.5 mg/dl to 10.8 mg/dl.

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20
Q

What happens when blood calcium gets too low?

A

increase in parathyroid hormone leading to an increase in vitamin D levels, Ca mobilization from bones, Ca retention in kidneys (to be secreted into system), Ca uptake by intestines

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21
Q

What happens when blood calcium gets too high?

A

increase in calcitonin leading to a decrease in parathyroid hormone and Vit D levels, Ca release from bones, Ca retention by kidneys (more excretion to urine), Ca uptake by intestines.

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22
Q

What are the richest food sources for calcium?

A

dairy, leafy greens (collard greens > kale) except spinach since it is high in oxalic acid too.

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23
Q

What are some calcium supplements

Study These Flashcards
A

Ca-carbonate: most common an cheapest

Ca-citrate: used if problems with low acid in GI

24
Q

What are issues with natural sources of Ca (oyster shells or bones)?

Study These Flashcards
A

Higher risk of heavy metals, especially lead

25
What are the risks of too much calcium?
Up risk of CVD in men not women Up risk of heart attacks when not taken in conjunction with Vit D Up risk of glaucoma >500mg/meal (400 for men) can neutralize gastric acid and inhibit Ca, Zn, Fe uptake.
26
How does WHO define Osteoporosis?
bone mineral density 2.5 SD below peak bone mass (20-year-old sex-matched healthy person average).
27
What is the impact of osteoporosis?
1/3 to 1/2 of women having at least one fracture in their lifetime (2 million/year) with the vertebrae and hip being the most vulnerable.
28
What are osteoporosis risk factors
``` long term deficiency in Ca intake estrogen loss (menopause or amenorrhea from food disorders) Genetics (worst-Asians ```
29
What can be done to prevent osteoporosis?
Weight bearing exercise and adequate Ca/D in diet
30
Functions of Phosphorus and Magnesium
Involved in bone growth and maintenance Essential nucleic acid and energy metabolism i.e. ATP synthesis Efficient absorption and enhanced Vit D Blood levels regulated by kidneys
31
How is the average intake of phosphorus relative to the RDA?
Higher than the RDA
32
Phosphorus deficiency symptoms
bone loss poor growth/tooth development Rickets in children Is a big problem in alcoholics
33
Phosphorus excess symptoms
impaired kidney function and vascular damage.
34
How is the average intake of Magnesium relative to the RDA?
Lower than the RDA
35
Magnesium deficiency symptoms
Neuronal and cardiac problems
36
Magnesium excess symptoms
diarrhea and kidney failure
37
Relative amounts of Na
Intracellular: 12 mmol/L Extracellular: 145 mmol/L Much more (~12x) in extracellular fluid
38
Relative amounts of K
Intracellular: 155 mmol/L Extracellular: 4 mmol/L Much more (~40x) in intracellular fluid
39
Relative amounts of Cl
Intracellular: 3.8 mmol/L Extracellular: 120 mmol/L Much more (~40x) in extracellular fluid
40
What is the ratio of Na to K transported across the plasma membrane and what is it caused by?
3 Na out and 2 K in by PM ATPase
41
What fraction of energy is used by Na/K ATPase?
1/3 of energy in most cells | 2/3 of energy in neurons
42
Function of Na+
Major cation in extracellular space, used for nutrient uptake and nerve impulses
43
Function of K+
Major cation inside cells, used for nerve impulses
44
Function of Cl-
Major anion outside cell, used to balance K and Na
45
How is the average intake of K relative to the AI/UL?
too little intake
46
How is the average intake of Cl relative to the AI/UL?
too much intake
47
Symptoms of K deficiency
1st lost of appetite, muscle cramps and confusion | Then heart stops
48
AI of Na
1.5 g/d
49
UL of Na
1.5 g/d (for high risk groups like age 50+, African Americans, people with diabetes or hypertension or chronic kidney disease) or 2.3 g/d (average people)
50
Average intake of Na
3.3 g/d (too much)
51
Impact of high Na
increase risk of HBP and CVD
52
What is classified as hypertension?
High blood pressure (>140/90)
53
Impact of hypertension of health
major risk factor for CHD, strokes and kidney disease
54
Risk factors for hypertension
``` high salt intake #1 is obesity (2-6x more likely to have HBP than lean person) ```
55
Na consumption in US
Remains about the same over the years: too much
56
Food sources of Na&K
Processed food: high in Na and low in K | Unprocessed food: low in Na and high in K

BIBC120 (21 decks)

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