Midterm 1 - Lecture 3 Flashcards
(27 cards)
The 4 Energy Yielding Nutrients are:
- Carbs: 4 kcal/gm
- Protein: 4 kcal/gm
- Fat: 9 kcal/gm
- Alcohol: 7 kcal/gm
Carbs are used in what metabolic process?
glycolysis (as glucose)
Proteins are used in what metabolic processes?
Glycolysis, TCA, Urea cycle (as AA’s)
Lipids are used in what metabolic processes?
Glycolysis (as glycerol)
TCA (as Ac-CoA)
If glycolysis feeds into lactate dehydrogenase (anaerobic), what is produced?
lactic acid
If glycolysis feeds into pyruvate dehydrogenase (aerobic), what is produced?
Ac-CoA+CO2 in mitochondria;
Irreversible process
NADH created in process
loses CO2 from Pyruvate to create Ac-CoA
Inputs (reactants) of glycolysis
ADP, NAD+, glucose
Outputs (products) of glycolysis
ATP, NADH + H+, Pyruvate
Inputs (reactants) of pyruvate oxidation
pyruvate, CoA, NAD+
Outputs (products) of pyruvate oxidation
CO2, NADH, Ac-CoA
Inputs (reactants) of citric acid (tca) cycle
Ac-CoA, NAD+, FAD, ADP
Outputs (products) of citric acid (tca) cycle
CoA, NADH + H+, FADH2, ATP, CO2
Inputs (reactants) of respiratory chain
NADH + H+, FADH2, ATP, O2
Outputs (products) of respiratory chain
NAD+, FAD, H2O, ATP
Alpha vs Beta linkages in carbs
Alpha: Oxygen points down, CH2OH on same side
Beta: Oxygen points up, CH2OH alternates
Conversion of glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate via Glutamate dehydrogenase using H2O and NAD(P)+
- OOC-CH2-CH2-CH(NH3+)-COO- Glutamate
- OOC-CH2-CH2-CH(=O)-COO- alpha-KG
Transamination of alanine and alpha-KG to pyruvate and glutamate (and reverse)
swapping of =O from pyruvate and NH3+ from glutamate
Liver Functions (expanded)
Detoxification Amino acid and fatty acid metabolism Urea Cycle (ammonium elimination) Glucose synthesis (gluconeogenesis) Glycogen synthesis and storage Alcohol metabolism Synthesis of bile, cholesterol, lipids, blood proteins.
Level of blood glucose maintained for brain function
blood glucose ~5 mM
What are master signaling molecules that regulate energy metabolism?
Insulin
How does insulin regulate metabolism?
Following nutrient consumption, insulin promotes carbohydrate uptake at key storage sites and
prompts the conversion of carbohydrate and protein to
lipids (a more efficient storage for calories)
How does Insulin affect blood glucose?
Lowers blood glucose.
increase glucose uptake, glycogen synthesis-> decrease blood glucose.
How does Glucagon affect blood glucose?
Increases blood glucose.
increase glycogen breakdown, glucose synthesis -> increase blood glucose.
How does Glucagon regulate metabolism?
Glucagon and epinephrine, promote mobilization of stored triglycerides into free FA’s
