Final review slides second half Flashcards
(55 cards)
What are the ranges for BMI classifications?
Underweight: less than 18.5 Normal: 18.5-25 Overweight: 25-30 Obese: 30-35 Severely Obese: 35-40 Morbidly Obese: 40-50 Super Obese: 50-60
What pre-diabetic condition increases the risk of T2 Diabetes and CVD? Name three associated risk factors.
Metabolic syndrome. ○ Abdominal obesity (visceral fat) ○ High blood glucose ○ High blood pressure ○ High blood triglycerides ○ High LDL, low HDL ○ Insulin resistance/glucose intolerance ○ High inflammatory markers (e.g. C-reactive protein)
What are the 3 components of Energy expenditure?
○ Basal Metabolism - energy needed to maintain heart beat, respiration, and body temperature. Decreases with dieting and after age 30.
○ Physical Activity
○ Thermic Effect of Food (TEF) - energy expended to digest food.
What are the statistics of Diabetes in the US? When did the increase in cases of diabetes occur?
Adult population in U.S.:
○ 9% diabetic
○ 1/3 pre-diabetic
Prevalence began increasing in 1990s
What are 3 main risk factors of diabetes?
○ Aging
○ Obesity
○ High sugar intake
Name at least one test used to diagnose diabetes and describe how it works
Glucose Tolerance Test - Measures immediate/short-term blood glucose levels after drinking 75 g glucose
HbA-1c Test - Measures long-term (3 months) amount of blood glucose that has reacted with RBC surface proteins (glycation)
What causes type I diabetes and what are the symptoms?
caused by: Beta cells of pancreas die → loss of insulin
→ insulin dependence
Symptoms:
○ Frequent urination + excess thirst
○ Weight loss → thin physique
○ Ketone body production + ketoacidosis
○ Impaired immune function + vascular system(blindness, kidney failure, amputations)
What are some common treatments for Type I diabetes?
Supply insulin into system via:
○ Insulin injections
○ Insulin meters
○ Insulin pumps
Explain what causes the development of Type II diabetes and how it can become type I diabetes.
Type II diabetes is caused by the development of an insulin resistance. This can lead to type I diabetes by overexerting type beta cells leading to their death.
Type II diabetes does not have known direct symptoms. What are some associated symptoms?
○ Obesity
○ Pancreas exhaustion
○ Liver malfunction
○ CVD
■ Insulin resistance → High BP, High TG, Low HDL, High
LDL, Blood clotting (High PAI-1)
○ Microvascular problems → blindness, kidney failure,
amputations
○ Alzheimer’s risk (2x)What are the standard treatments for type II diabetes?
○ Medications
○ Insulin (does not work as well due to resistance)
○ Lifestyle Changes
○ Bariatric Surgery
Name at least 2 medications for type II diabetes and how they work.
■ Metformin
● ↓ hepatic glucose production & ↓ insulin sensitivity
■ Avandia
● ↑ insulin sensitivity & ↑ risk for heart attack
■ Sulfonylureas
● ↑ insulin production in pancreas
■ Drugs that ↓ carb absorption in GI tract
The best way to “treat” type 2 diabetes would be to just prevent it. What are the best ways to do this?
Increase the consumption of blueberries and other plant-based foods
Increase physical activity
Decrease weight
Decrease consumption of high GI foods and red meat
T/F Avoiding specific macronutrients like carbs or proteins is useful for losing weight.
False, avoiding specific macronutrients is not a good way to lose weight; limiting calories is the best approach
Which diets are the most effective for losing weight?
Any diet that focuses on calorie intake
Mediterranean diet
Vegetarian diet
What are the advantages of a Mediterranean diet vs. a western diet?
Decreased risk of death due to CHD/cancer and in general.
A 37% decrease in CHD risk compared to the 33% increase in CHD risk from western diets
T/F, studies have shown that plant-based foods decrease the risk of obesity and CHD only in nonsmokers and low BMI people.
False, decreased across the board. CHD decreased by 30%
Name 3 different types of vegeterians discussed in class
Semi-vege - reduced meat
Pesco-vege - fish and dairy and eggs
Lacto-ovo - Only dairy and eggs
Vegan - no animal products
If you don’t want to die at a younger age, you should consume only ________
If you said meat, quit the class
Three studies were discussed in the diet lecture. What results do we need to cram?
Study 1
- High animal-based food = Higher obesity (Q4 @ 4.6x)
- High plant-based food = lower obesity (Q4 @ 0.42x)
Study 2
- Plant-based diet lowers risk of CHD by ~30%
- Proved not confounded by age, BMI, smoking status
Study 3
- BMI is a confounding factor in Type 2 Diabetes risk
(In comparison between plant-based/animal-based food)
- but does not explain the difference betweenanimalbased
diet vs. plant-based diet
What are the biggest issues while dieting? (think America)
High drop out rate
Not sustainable.
What are type I dieting medicines? What are the different ways they work?
Type I drugs are appetite suppressors Eprinephrine/Norepinephrine class drugs increase norepinephrine levels Serotonin class increase serotonin levels
What are type II dieting medicines? Give an example and discuss the side effects.
Type II drugs inhibit fat absorption.
Orlistat works by Inhibiting lipase
Fat deposited in feces → reduced absorption of fatsoluble vitamins
Involuntary projectile diarrhea
What are the four types of bariatric surgery discussed in class. List from least stomach modification to most stomach modification
Gastric band
Vertical-banded gastroplasty
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass
Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy
