Final Study Guide Flashcards
(197 cards)
1
Q
- Describe the anatomical differences between:
Skeletal Muscles
Smooth Muscles
Cardiac Muscles
A
Describe the anatomical differences between:
- Skeletal muscles- muscle attached to bone through its tendon, under voluntary control
- Smooth muscles- found in hollow structures of the body like the intestines; cannot be influenced at will
- Cardiac muscles- muscle found only in the heart
2
Q
Which of the 3 muscle types are under voluntary & involuntary (autonomic nervous system) control?
A
Skeletal: voluntary, striated, multinucleated
Smooth: involuntary, nonstriated and uninucleated
Cardiac: involuntary, striated and uninucleated
3
Q
Where are cardiac muscles found?
A
Cardiac muscles are found in the heart
4
Q
Explain the current concept of muscle contraction based on three factors: neuroelectrical, chemical, and energy sources.
A
Watch video on this
5
Q
elevation
A
raising a part of the body
6
Q
flexion
A
bending or decreasing the angle between bone
7
Q
pronation
A
moving the bones of the forearm so that the radius and ulna are not parallel
8
Q
eversion
A
moving the sole of the foot outward at the ankle
9
Q
What is muscle tone?
A
Muscle Tone is defined as a property of muscle in which a steady or constant state of partial contraction is maintained in a muscle.
10
Q
Compare isotonic and isometric contractions
A
- Isotonic contraction- contraction in which tone or tension remains the same as the muscle becomes shorter and thicker.
- Isometric activity contraction in which a muscle remains at a constant length while tension against the muscle increases
11
Q
Describe 3 different inflammatory muscle or joint conditions.
A
- TENDINITIS-
- PLANTAR FASCIITIS-
- MYOSITIS-
12
Q
.TENDINITIS-
A
TENDINITIS- inflammation of a tendon.
13
Q
PLANTAR FASCIITIS-
A
PLANTAR FASCIITIS- an inflammation of the connective tissue (fascia) that is part of the arches of the foot.
14
Q
MYOSITIS-
A
MYOSITIS- inflammation of muscular tissue.
15
Q
- Name the 2 major divisions of the nervous system.
A
- central nervous system
2. periphreal nervous system
16
Q
the central nervous system
A
consists of the brain and spinal cord
17
Q
Identify the two subcategories of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) and their components.
A
- Sensory (afferent)
2. Motor (efferent)
18
Q
Identify the two subcategories of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) and their components.:
sensory components
A
1
19
Q
Sensory neuron
A
a neuron in contact with receptors; it detects changes in the external environment; also called afferent neuron
20
Q
Internuncial neurons
A
transmit the sensory impulse to the appropriate part of the brain or spinal cord for interpretation and processing; also known as association neurons
21
Q
Motor neuron
A
Motor neuron neuron that connects with muscles or glands to bring about a reaction to a stimulus; also called efferent neuron
22
Q
Explain how a neuron transmits a nerve impulse.
A
the all or none principle a nerve cell will either fire or not fire once the impulse begins it will continue down the cell.
23
Q
impulse conduction in myelinated nerve fibers
A
myelinated surface prevents ion flow from the insulated membrane
24
Q
impulse conduction unmyelinated nerve fibers
A
unmyelinated fiber conducts an impulse over its entire surface
25
how depressants act on the CNS.
1. mellow
2. slow body function
3. supports neural activity
26
how stimulants act on the CNS
1 speed up body function
2. excite neural activity
3. increase self-confidence
4. mood changes
27
how hallucinogens act on the CNS.
1. distort perception
| 2. evoke sensory images
28
List the main parts of the brain.
1. Brainstem
2. Diencephalon
3. Cerebrum
4. Cerebellum
29
List the protections of the brain
1. Cranial bones
2. Meninges
3. Cerebrospinal fluid
30
List the VENTRICLES of the brain
1. 4 Ventricles
| 2. Interventricular foramen
31
dura mater
the outermost spinal or cranial meninx
32
arachnoid mater,
the middle spinal or cranial meninx
33
(DAP)
1. Dura Mater
2. Arachnoid mater
3. Pia Mater
34
List the 12 cranial nerves and their functions
Olfactory nerve l
conveys impulses related to smell
35
List the 12 cranial nerves and their functions
Optic nerve II
Optic nerve II conveys impulses related to sight
36
List the 12 cranial nerves and their functions
Oculomotor nerve III
Oculomotor nerve III controls movements of the eyeball and upper eyelid and conveys impulses related to muscle sense
37
List the 12 cranial nerves and their functions
Trochlear nerve IV
Trochlear nerve IV controls the movement of the eyeball and conveys impulses related to muscle sense
38
List the 12 cranial nerves and their functions
Trigeminal nerve V
Trigeminal nerve V
| largest of the cranial nerves; controls chewing movements
39
List the 12 cranial nerves and their functions
Abducens nerve VI
Abducens nerve VI
| controls movement of the eyeball
40
List the 12 cranial nerves and their functions
Facial nerve VII
controls the muscles of facial expression and conveys sensations related to taste
41
List the 12 cranial nerves and their functions
Vestibulocochlear nerve VIII
Vestibulocochlear nerve VIII transmits impulses related to equilibrium and hearing
42
List the 12 cranial nerves and their functions
Glossopharyngeal nerve IX
controls swallowing and carries taste impulses
43
List the 12 cranial nerves and their functions
Vagus nerve X
Vagus nerve X controls skeletal muscle movements in the pharynx, larynx, and palate
44
List the 12 cranial nerves and their functions
Accessory nerve XI
Accessory nerve XI helps control swallowing and movements of the head
45
List the 12 cranial nerves and their functions
Hypoglossal nerve XII
Hypoglossal nerve XII controls the muscles involved in speech and swallowing; its sensory fibers conduct impulses for muscle sense
46
1. a) List the two subcategories of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS).
1. sensory Neurons
| 2. Motor neurons
47
Sensory neurons of the autonomic nervous system
sensory information from visceral organs to central nervous system.
48
Motor neurons of the autonomic nervous system
motor impulses from central nervous system to smooth muscles cardiac muscles and glands
49
List the two subcategories of the Somatic nervous system
1. sensory neurons
| 2. motor neurons
50
sensory neurons of the somatic nervous system
sensory information from skin, skeletal muscles, and joints to central nervous system
51
Motor neurons of the somatic nervous system
Motor impulses from the central nervous system to skeletal muscles
52
parts of the eyes
1. Sclera (outermost)
2. Choroid (2nd layer)
3. Ciliary Body & Muscle:
4. Iris:
5. Inner Fluid Compartments:
6. Retina (innermost layer)
53
parts of the ear
1. Outer ear
2. Middle ear
3. Inner ear
54
parts of the sense of smell
1. Bipolar sensory neurons
2. Olfactory bulbs
3. olfactory cortex
55
Rods in the eye
Rods- night vision
56
Cones in the eye?
Cones- light & color
57
1. Conditions that harm the CNS by through vascular changes.
Cerebrovascular Accident (AKA Stroke)
Cerebrovascular Accident (AKA Stroke)- caused by a 1) clot or thrombus in a blood vessel, 2) hemorrhage in tissue, or 3) vasospasm (constriction of a cerebral blood vessel)
58
1. Conditions that harm the CNS by through vascular changes.
Aneurysm (“Ballooning”)
Aneurysm (“Ballooning”)- an enlargement or dilation of a blood vessel wall.
If it bursts -> Often leads to a Hemorrhage
59
Describe two examples of Inflammatory Conditions that harm the CNS.
Meningitis
Meningitis- an inflammation of the meninges caused by bacterial or viral infection.
SYMPTOMS: Headache, Fever, and a Stiff neck;
If viral, can ALSO cause Paralysis, Coma, and Death
60
Describe two examples of Inflammatory Conditions that harm the CNS.
Encephalitis
Encephalitis- an inflammation of brain tissue usually caused by a virus transmitted by the bite of a mosquito.
SYMPTOMS: coma, fever, and convulsions and could result in death
61
Describe two examples of Conditions that harm the CNS, impairing movement
Parkinson’s Disease
Parkinson’s Disease-caused by damage to basal nuclei, resulting in dopamine deficiency.
SYMPTOMS: Resting hand tremors, Slow, shuffling walk, Rigid muscle movements
62
Define Homeostasis
maintaining the body’s internal environment
63
What is the primary type of feedback which regulates the endocrine system?
negative feedback loop
64
What is the name of the master gland?
Hypothalamus
65
1. Describe a condition that affects the body due to hormone imbalance of:
a) Aldosterone
high blood pressure
66
1. Describe a condition that affects the body due to hormone imbalance of:
b) Melatonin
Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)
67
1. Describe a condition that affects the body due to hormone imbalance of:
c) Prolactin
1. May cause a decrease in male sex hormones
68
1. Describe a condition that affects the body due to hormone imbalance of:
d) Insulin
Diabetes Mellitus (Pancreas)
69
1. Describe a condition that affects the body due to hormone imbalance of:
e) Thyroid hormones
1. HYPERTHYROIDISM
| 2. HYPOTHYROIDISM
70
Explain the current concept of muscle contraction based on neuroelectrical factors.
Concentration of electrolytes:
Na+ higher on outside
K+ higher on inside
Resting potential: charge outside positive and inside negative
Action (Electrical) Potential:
rush of Na+ inside cell
AKA “Depolarization”
Repolarization:
K+ moves outside cell attempting to balance change in charges
Depolarization:
Initiated by Calcium’s release
The inhibitory proteins’ (Troponin and tropomyosin) action inhibited
Activated myosin filaments links to actin filaments
“Power Stroke”
71
Explain the current concept of muscle contraction based on chemical interactions
Depolarization:
Myosin heads contain ATP
ATP releases energy upon myosin/action link
Energy released used to pull action
Repolarization:
“Sodium: potassium” pump pumps sodium outside the cell
Resting potential restored
72
Explain the current concept of muscle contraction based on energy sources.
ATP: energy source for muscle contraction
ATP production: primarily from glucose via cellular respiration:
Glycolysis
Krebs citric acid cycle
Electron transport
Alternate sources: fatty acids and phosphocreatine
73
Peripheral nervous system
consists of all the nerves that connect the brain and spinal cord with sensory receptors, muscles, and glands
74
Describe two examples of Conditions that harm the CNS, impairing movement
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)-
```
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)- progressive demyelination of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord.
SYMPTOMS: Muscle weakness, Double vision, Vertigo, abnormal reflexes, and occasionally difficulty in urination.
```
75
Describe two examples of Conditions that harm the CNS, impairing movement
Cerebral Palsy-
Cerebral Palsy- caused by brain damage during brain development or the birth process.
SYMPTOMS: Muscle spasms & Tremors, poor Body Balance, Awkward movements, Head tossing, & Flailing arms, Impaired speaking & swallowing.
76
parts of the brain stem
1. Midbrain
2. Pons
3. Medulla
77
parts of Diencephalon
1. Thalamus
| 2. Hypothalamus
78
parts of the meninges
1. Epidural Space
2. Dura Mater
3. Subdural Space
4. Arachnoid Mater
5. Subarachnoid Space
6. Pia Mater
79
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is found
Inside the subarachnoid space
80
VENTRICLES
VENTRICLES- Spaces where CSF is produced and circulated
81
Parts of the VENTRICLES
1. 4 Ventricles
| 2. Interventricular foramen
82
Interventricular foramen
Interventricular foramen- connects the Lateral Ventricles with the
3rd Ventricle
83
Cerebral Aqueduct
Cerebral Aqueduct- connects the 3rd & 4th Ventricles
84
Midbrain
1. Ventral cerebral peduncles: convey impulses from cortex to pons and spinal cord
2. Dorsal tectum: reflex center
3. Controls movement of head and eyeball (visual stimuli)
4. Controls movement of head and trunk (auditory stimuli)
85
Pons varolii
1. Connects spinal cord with brain
2. Connects parts of brain with each other
3. Helps control breathing
86
Medulla oblongata
1. Ascending and descending tracts
2. Connect spinal cord with the brain
3. Some tracts cross over in medulla
4. Reticular formation: controls consciousness
5. Reflex centers
87
Diencephalon:
1. Optic Tracts
2. Mammillary bodies
3. Thalamus
4. Epithalamus
5. Houses Pineal gland
6. Hypothalamus
88
Optic tracts:
Optic tracts: Visual Relay System
89
Mammillary bodies:
Mammillary bodies: Memory and emotional responses
90
Thalamus
1. Relay station for sensory impulses
| 2. Interpretation center for pain, temperature and touch
91
Epithalamus:
Epithalamus: contains Pineal gland
92
Hypothalamus:
Hypothalamus: Homeostasis
Controls and integrates autonomic nervous system
Receives sensory impulses from internal organs
Controls the Pituitary gland (linked via the Infundibulum) and links endocrine and nervous systems
93
Cerebral cortex:
Cerebral cortex: gray matter surface
94
Longitudinal fissure:
Longitudinal fissure: separates two hemispheres
95
Gyri:
Gyri: folds
96
Sulci:
Sulci: grooves
97
Corpus callosum:
Corpus callosum: bridge connecting two hemispheres
98
parts of The Cerebrum
1. Cerebral cortex:
2. Longitudinal fissure:
3. Gyri:
4. Sulci:
5. Corpus callosum:
6. Surface of the cortex
99
Surface of the cortex
1. Motor areas- control muscular movements
2. Sensory areas- interpret sensory impulses
3. Association areas- process emotions and intellect
100
Cerebral hemispheres
Cerebral hemispheres
1. Frontal lobe:
2. Parietal lobe:
3. Temporal lobe:
4. Occipital lobe: vision
101
The frontal lobe of the cerebrum
Frontal lobe: muscle movement, moods, aggression, smell, motivation
102
the Parietal lobe of the cerebrum
Parietal lobe: touch, pain, balance, taste, temperature
103
The temporal lobe of the cerebrum
Temporal lobe: hearing, smell, memory, abstract thought, judgment
104
The occipital lobe of the cerebrum
Occipital lobe: vision
105
The Cerebellum: Structure
1. Butterfly-shaped
| 2. Two partially separated hemispheres connected by vermis
106
The Cerebellum: function
1. Reflex center in coordinating complex skeletal muscular movements
2. Maintaining posture
3. Maintaining balance
107
The Sense of Sight
1. Eyes protected by eyelids and eyelashes
2. Tears
- Lubricate the eyes
- Contain bacteriolytic lysozyme enzyme
- Contain salt and gamma globulin
108
Sclera (outermost)
Cornea- clear, outer lining that permits light to enter eye
| Conjunctiva- mucous membrane lining.
109
Choroid (2nd layer)
1. Blood vessels
| 2. Pigment cells
110
Retina (innermost)
1. Contains light sensitive cells:
2. Cones
3. Rods
111
Ciliary Body & Muscle:
Holds lens in place.
112
Iris:
Regulates the amount of light that enters the eye
113
Inner Fluid Compartments:
Aqueous humor
Anterior
Vitreous humor
Posterior
114
Retina (innermost layer)
```
Contains light sensitive cells:
Rods- night vision
Cones- light & color vision
Fovea centralis
Optic Disc (blind spot)
Where optic nerves leave the eye
```
115
parts of the Outer ear
1. Auricle (pinna):
2. External auditory meatus
3. Tympanic membrane: (ear drum)
116
Auricle (pinna):
Auricle (pinna): external, visible, flexible part of the ear
117
External auditory meatus
External auditory meatus of the ear
Lined with hair and ceruminous glands
Produces cerumen
118
Tympanic membrane
Tympanic membrane: (ear drum)
| vibrates in response to sound
119
parts of the Middle ear
1. 3 Auditory ossicles: malleus, incus and stapes
2. Openings:
3. Eustachian tube
120
Middle ear transmits what to where?
Middle ear (transmits vibrations to the inner ear):
121
names of the 3 Auditory ossicles
3 Auditory ossicles:
1. malleus,
2. incus
3. and stapes
122
Openings of the middle ear
Openings: oval and round windows
123
what does the eustachian tube do?
Eustachian tube: equalizes pressure
124
parts of the inner ear
1. Cochlea
2. Vestibule
3. Semicircular canals
125
the part of the inner ear that helps with hearing
Hearing: Cochlea
126
parts of the inner ear that help with balance or equilibrium
Equilibrium
Static: 1. Vestibule
Kinetic: 2. Semicircular canals
127
Taste buds on tongue
1. palate
| 2. pharynx
128
Taste bud cell types
1. Exterior capsule: epithelial cells
| 2. Interior: taste cells
129
Taste depends on what?
Taste depends on chemicals dissolved in saliva
130
Taste is influenced by what
Taste is influenced by olfactory sensations
131
stages of the sense of smell
1. Molecules in air dissolve in nasal mucus
2. Bipolar sensory neurons transfer chemical impulse
3. Olfactory bulbs receive impulse
4. Impulse sent to olfactory cortex
5. Odor variety dependent on brain interpretation
132
Valium
Valium
Low Doses: Relieves tension
High Doses: Drowsiness, Sedation, and Loss of any pain sensations
133
Opiates (i.e. Codeine and Heroin)
Opiates (i.e. Codeine and Heroin)
Sedatives and Analgesics; Euphoria
Overuse: coma, convulsions, and respiratory problems that could lead to death
134
Marijuana
Marijuana- from hemp plant; produces Euphoria
135
Hashish-
Hashish- more potent cousin of marijuana (come from different part of the hemp plant)
produces Euphoria AND alters the perception of time and space.
Overuse: Hallucinations, Respiratory Problems
136
Cocaine
Cocaine
Euphoria (quick)
Overuse: Changes in personality, seizures, and death (from stroke or abnormal rhythms of the heart)
137
LSD
LSD
| Heightened & Exaggerated 5 senses
138
Amphetamines
Amphetamines- Over-stimulate postsynaptic neurons:
Euphoria, Muscle spasms, restlessness, rapid heartbeat, & hypertension
Overuse: Death (from respiratory or heart failure)
139
LSD
LSD
Heightened & Exaggerated 5 senses
A Stimulant
140
Anabolic Steroids
Act like the male sex hormones
Cause skeletal muscle cells to increase in size
Overuse:
negative feedback effect on the hypothalamus of the brain and the pituitary gland
In sex hormones
decrease In testes size & sterility
Liver Problems
Heart Disease
Anger
141
pia mater
the innermost spinal or cranial meninx
142
Pituitary Gland s
| F.L.A.T P.i.G. M. A. O
```
ANTERIOR Pituitary:
F- FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)
L- LH (Luteinizing Hormone)
A- ACTH (Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone)
T- TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone)
P- Prolactin
i- stands for nothing
G- GH (Growth Hormone)
M- MSH (Melanoctye Stimulating Hormone)
```
POSTERIOR Pituitary:
A- ADH (Anti- Diuretic Hormone)
O- Oxytocin
143
ANTERIOR Pituitary:
```
ANTERIOR Pituitary:
F- FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)
L- LH (Luteinizing Hormone)
A- ACTH (Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone)
T- TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone)
P- Prolactin
i- stands for nothing
G- GH (Growth Hormone)
M- MSH (Melanoctye Stimulating Hormone)
```
144
POSTERIOR Pituitary:
POSTERIOR Pituitary:
A- ADH (Anti- Diuretic Hormone)
O- Oxytocin
145
F- FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone)
| Target:
Target: Ovaries, Testes
146
F- FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone)
| Function
Stimulates ovarian follicle & sperm cell production
147
L- LH (Luteinizing Hormone)
| Target
Ovaries, Testes
148
L- LH (Luteinizing Hormone
| Function
Stimulates ovulation and progesterone & testosterone production
149
A- ACTH (Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone)
| Target
Adrenal Gland Cortex
150
A- ACTH (Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone)
| Function
Stimulates Adrenal Gland
151
T- TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone)
| Target
Thyroid Gland
152
T- TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone)
| Function
Stimulates Adrenal Gland
153
P- Prolactin
| target
Mammary Gland
154
P- Prolactin
| function
Milk production
155
Growth Hormone
| target
Bone, Muscles, Liver, Tissues
156
G- GH (Growth hormone function)
Promote cell metabolism & growth
157
M- MSH (Melanoctye Stimulating Hormone)
| target
Melanocytes
158
M- MSH (Melanoctye Stimulating Hormone)
| function
Stimulates Melanocytes
159
A- ADH (Anti- Diuretic Hormone)
| target
Kudneys
160
A- ADH (Anti- Diuretic Hormone)
| function
Reabsorb water
161
o-oxytocin
| target
- Mammary Gland
| - Uterus
162
o-oxytocin
| function
Lactation, Uterus contraction
163
Hormones of the thyroid gland
1. Thyroxine (T4):
2. Triiodothyronine (T3):
3. Calcitonin:
164
Thyroxine (T4):
Thyroxine (T4): metabolism
165
Triiodothyronine (T3):
Triiodothyronine (T3): metabolism
166
Calcitonin:
Calcitonin: regulation of calcium and phosphate concentration
167
Hormones of the parathyroid gland
parathormone (PTH)
168
parathormone (PTH)
PTH stimulates bone cell release of calcium and phosphate
169
Adrenal Gland Hormones
Adrenal medulla hormones:
1. Epinephrine
2. Norepinephrine
Adrenal cortex hormones:
3. Glucocorticoids (steroids)
i. e. Cortisol
4. Mineralocorticoids
i. e. Aldosterone
5. Androgens
i. e. Testosterone
170
Adrenal medulla hormones:
Adrenal medulla hormones:
1. Epinephrine
2. Norepinephrine
171
Adrenal cortex hormones:
Adrenal cortex hormones:
3. Glucocorticoids (steroids)
i. e. Cortisol
4. Mineralocorticoids
i. e. Aldosterone
5. Androgens
i. e. Testosterone
172
Pancreas hormones
1. insulin
| 2. glucagon
173
Islets of Langerhans Cells:
1. Beta cells: insulin production
| 2. Alpha cells: glucagon production
174
Testes hormone
Testosterone
175
Testes: Testosterone
Testes: Testosterone
Development of male reproduction structures
Development of male sex characteristics
176
Ovaries hormones
Estrogen and Progesterone
177
Ovaries: Estrogen and Progesterone
Ovaries: Estrogen and Progesterone
Development of female reproductive organs
Development of female sex characteristics
Control menstrual cycle
178
Thymus gland hormone
Thymosin
179
Importance of the Thymus gland and its hormone thymosin
Important for T-cell production (Immune Response)
180
The thymus gland does what as we age?
Thymus shrinks as we age
181
The thymus gland is located where?
Located behind the sternum
182
The Pineal Gland Hormones
1. Melatonin
| 2. serotonin
183
the pineal gland is located where?
Located in the brain near the thalamus
184
Melatonin
Melatonin
Inhibits reproductive functions
Regulates body rhythms
Circadian Rhythm
185
Serotonin
Serotonin: neurotransmitter and vasoconstrictor
| Stimulates smooth muscle contractions
186
Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)
Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)
Due to overproduction of melatonin (and decreased serotonin) that occurs in climate zones that have cloudy winter months with little bright sunshine (i.e. The state Washington)
Type of DEPRESSION
Treatment: Bright Light, Medications, &/ or Psychotherapy
187
Diabetes Mellitus (Pancreas)
Diabetes Mellitus (Pancreas)
or no insulin
Hyperglycemia, hyperglucosuria, polyuria, polydipsia
Tx: Drugs that decrease blood sugar; Insulin (if severe)
188
Diabetes Insipidus (Kidneys)
Diabetes Insipidus (Kidneys)
or no Anti- diuretic Hormone (ADH)
Polyuria & polydipsia leading to SEVERE DEHYDRATION
Tx: ADH
189
HYPERTHYROIDISM
```
HYPERTHYROIDISM
(Excessive Thyroid Hormones)
Weight loss, fatigue, palpitations of the heart, nervousness, and slight tremors in the hands
Graves Disease
Above symptoms PLUS:
- Goiter (enlarged thyroid gland)
- Exophthalmos
(abnormal protrusion of the eyes)
Tx: Radioactive Iodine and other medications
```
190
HYPOTHROIDISM
HYPOTHROIDISM
(Thyroid Hormones Deficiency)
KIDS: Cretinism (mental retardation & growth)
ADULTS: metabolism -> Chronic fatigue & Weight Gain; Myxedema (an accumulation of fluid in subcutaneous tissues)
Tx: Thyroid hormones
191
Where are smooth muscles found
1. blood vessel walls
2. stomach
3. small intestine
4. large intestine
5. bladder
192
Where are skeletal muscles found
Skeletal muscles are found in muscles that attach bone
193
What are the anatomical terms for muscle movement (elevation) and examples of muscles that perform each action on the bone to which it is attached
1
194
Isotonic contraction
1. Isotonic contraction- contraction in which tone or tension remains the same as the muscle becomes shorter and thicker.
195
. Isometric activity
. Isometric activity contraction in which a muscle remains at a constant length while tension against the muscle increases
196
Which of the 3 muscle types are under voluntary control?
skeletal
197
Which of the 3 muscle types are under involuntary control?
1. smooth
| 2. cardiac
