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Flashcards - Cardiology

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1
Q

Fetal Circulation

A

Umbilical Vein –> ductus venosus –> IVC –> RA –> foramen ovale –> LA –> LV –> Aorta –> umbilical arteries –> placenta

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2
Q

AV/SA node circulation

A

RCA

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3
Q

Aortic receptor nerve

A

Vagus

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4
Q

Cushings triad

A

HTN, bradycardia, bradypnea

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5
Q

allantois/urachus

A

median umbilical ligament

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6
Q

ductus arteriosus

A

ligamentum arteriosum

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7
Q

ductus venosus

A

ligamentum venosum

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8
Q

notochord

A

nucleus polposus

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9
Q

umbilical arteries

A

medial umbilical ligaments

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10
Q

umbilical vein

A

ligamentum teres hepatis

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11
Q

Fetal hemoglobin

A

alpha2-gamma2

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12
Q

holosystolic high pitched blowing

A

MR/TR

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13
Q

crescendo decrescendo murmur

A

aortic stenosis

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14
Q

holosystolic harsh murmur

A

VSD

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15
Q

late systelic crescendo murmur

A

MVP

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16
Q

early diastolic high pitched blowing murmur

A

AR

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17
Q

rumbling late diastolic with opening snap murmur

A

MS

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18
Q

continuous machine like murmur

A

PDA

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19
Q

ANP/BNP

A

cGMP - vasodilation, decreased Na resorption, dilates afferent renal aterioles, contricts efferent arterioles

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20
Q

dilated cardiomyopathy causes

A

alcohol, wet beriberi, coxsackie, cocaine, chgas, doxorubicin, hemochromatosis, carcoidosis, peripartum

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21
Q

restrictive cardiomyopathy causes

A

sarcoidosis, amyloidosis, loffler syndrome, hemochromatosis

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22
Q

a1 receptor

A

Gq - vascular smooth muscle contraction, pupillary muscle contraction, intestinal/bladder sphincter muscle contraction

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23
Q

a2 receptor

A

Gi - decreased sympathetic - decreased insulin, lipolysis, ciliary production of aqueous humor, increased platelet aggregation

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24
Q

b1 receptor

A

Gs - increased HR, contractility, renin, lipolusis

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25
b2 receptor
Gs - vasodilation, bronchodilation, increase lipolysis, insulin, decreased uterine tone, ciliary muscle
26
ANP
cGMP stimulator
27
Class 1A
increase AP duration, effective refractory period, QT interval Quinidine, Procainamide, Disoprymide
28
Class 1B
decrease AP duration, preferentially affects resting cells Lidocaine, mexiletine
29
Class 1C
prolongs ERP in AV node, decreases slope of Phase 0 only Flecainide, propafenone
30
Class 2
b-blockers
31
Class 3
Potassium channel blockers - amiodarone, ibutilide, dofetilide, sotalol
32
Class 4
calcium channel blockers - verapamil, diltiazem
33
dihydropyidines
act on smooth-muscle - amlodipine, clevidipine, nicardipine, nifedipine, nimondipine
34
non-dihydropyridines
act on heart - diltiazem, verapamil
35
CCB toxicity
AV block, edema, flushing, hyperPRL, gingival hyperplasia
36
Hydralazine
increases cGMP - smooth muscle relaxer
37
Fenoldopam
Dopamine D1 receptor agonist - coronary, peripheral, renal, splanchnic vasodilation
38
Digoxin toxicity treatment
normalize K, magnesium, anti-dig Ab
39
fibrates + statins
myopathy
40
angiosarcoma
malignant - associated with polyvinyl chloride, arsenic
41
Cystic Hygroma
cavernous lymphangioma of neck, associated with Turners
42
Bacillary angiomatosis
benign capillary skin papules of Bartonella henselae, found in AIDS patients, looks similar to Kaposi's but has neutrophils
43
Glomus tumor
painful red-blue tumor under fingernail, from smooth muscle of glomus
44
long QT causes
antiarrythmics (Class IA, ibutilide, dofetilide, sotolol), antibiotics, anticychotics, antidepressants, antiemetics
45
Romano-Ward syndrome
AD - long QT syndrome - only cardiac
46
Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome
AR - long QT syndrome - +sensorineural deafness
47
Brugada syndrome
AD - asian males, pseudo-right bundle branch block + ST elevations in V1-V3, increased sudden cardiac death
48
Einsenmenger syndrome
Uncorrected L-to-R shunt (ASD, VSD, PDA) - pulmonary hypertension, RVH, clubbing, polycythemia, cyanosis
49
22q11 associated cardiac malformation
Tetralogy of Fallot, truncus ateriosus
50
Williams syndrome associated cardiac malformation
Supravalvular aortic stenosis
51
hyperplastic arteriosclerosis (onion skin)
malignant hypertension
52
hyaline arteriolosclerosis
diabetes
53
ateriolonephrosclerosis
glomerular scarring from diabetes
54
Monkeberg
calcification of medium arteries, not clinically significant
55
JONES criteria
for acute rheumatic fever - joints, carditis, nodules, erythema marginatum, sydenham chorea
56
bacterial M protein
rheumatic fever, molecular mimicry
57
Down syndrome cardiac defects
endocardial cushion defects (ASD, AV regurg)
58
DiGeorge cardiac defects
ToF
59
Friedreich's ataxia cardiac defects
HOCM
60
Marfan cardiac defects
cystic medial necrosis of AOrta
61
Tuberous sclerosis cardiac defects
cardiac rhabdomyomas
62
Turners cardiac defects
Coarctation of aorta
63
polymyalgia rheumatica
temporal (giant cell) arteritis
64
Polyarteritis Nodosa
multiple organs except lung, associated with HBsAg, fibrinoid necrosis/strings on a bead
65
Buerger disease
associated with smoking, ulcers on feet/fingers, raynauds phenomenon
66
Wegeners/GPA
nasopharynx, lungs, kidney - c-ANCA - cyclophosphamide
67
microscopic polyangitis
GPA, but no nasopharynx and no granulomas - p-ANCA
68
Churg-Strauss
eosinophilia, hx of asthma - p-ANCA
69
HSP
IgA deposition/nephropathy s/p URI
70
Class IA - Quinidine, Procainamide, Disopyramide
71
Class IB - Lidocaine, MexileTine
72
Class IC - Flecainide, Propafenone
73
Class II - Metoprolol, propranolol, esmolol, atenolol, timolol, carvedilol.
74
class III - K+ blockers - Amiodarone, Ibutilide, Dofetilide, Sotalol
75
class IV - CCBs - non-dihydropyrimidines - Verapamil, diltiazem
76
transmural inflammation of arterial wall with fibrinoid necrosis
polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) - associated with hepatitis B
77
His/Purkinje Fiber AP ion movement
78
packemaker ion movement
79
Variant (prinzmetal) angina treatment
coronary artery spasms - CCBs, nitrates
80
Kussmaul sign
increased JVP on inspiration - seen in constrictive pericarditis, restrictive cardiomyopathies, right A/V tumors
81
Korotkoff sounds
audible during expiration with blood cuff, audible all phases w/ cuff release. due to pericardial disease/tampanade, restrictive cardiomyopathy.
82
plump macrophages with abundant cytoplasm and central round/ovoid nuclei with central slender chromatin ribbons
Anitschow cells - sign of acute rheumatic carditis, when multinucleated are Aschoff giant cells

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