Flashcards - Embryo

Question 1

Patau syndrome

Answer 1

cleft lip, polydactyly, rocker bottom feet

Question 2

branchial apparatus

Answer 2

CAP - clefts (ectoderm) - arches (mesoderm, neural crest) - pouches (endoderm)

Question 3

First Aortic/Pharyngeal

Answer 3

part of maxillary artery

Question 4

Second aortic arch

Answer 4

hyoid artery, stapedial artery

Question 5

Third aortic arch

Answer 5

common carotid artery, proximal internal carotid artery

Question 6

Fourth aortic arch

Answer 6

left - aortic arch; right - proximal right subclavian artery

Question 7

Sixth aortic arch

Answer 7

proximal pulmonary arteries; left - ductus arteriosus

Question 8

1st branchial arch

Answer 8

M’s - Meckel cartilage, Mandible, Malleus, incus, spheno-Mandibular ligament - Muscles of Mastication (temporalis, Masseter, lateral/Medial pterygoids), mylohoid, tensor tympani - Nerves V2 and V3

Question 9

2nd branchial arch

Answer 9

S’s - Stapes, Styloid, Stylohyoid ligament, lesser horn of hyoid - Stapedius, Stylohyoid, platySma - Nerve VII

Question 10

3rd branchial arch

Answer 10

greater horn of hyoid - stylopharyngeus - Nerve IX (glossopharyngeal)

Question 11

4th branchial arch

Answer 11

thyroid, cricoid - pharyngeal constrictors, cricothyroid, levator veli palatini - Nerves X (swallow)

Question 12

6th branchial arch

Answer 12

thyroid - all intrisinc muscles of larynx but cricothyroid - Nerve X (speak)

Question 13

bronchial apparatus embryo

Answer 13

outside-in CAP; cleft = ectoderm, arches = mesoderm, pouches = endoderm

Question 14

1st pouch

Answer 14

Develops into middle ear cavity, eustachian tube, mastoid air cells.

Question 15

2nd pouch

Answer 15

Develops into epithelial lining of palatine tonsil.

Question 16

3rd pouch

Answer 16

Dorsal wings—develop into inferior parathyroids. Ventral wings—develop into thymus.

Question 17

4th pouch

Answer 17

Dorsal wings—develop into superior parathyroids.

Question 18

VACTERL

Answer 18

Vertebral anomalies, Anal atresia, Cardiac defects, Tracheoesophageal fistula and/or Esophageal atresia, Renal & Radial anomalies and Limb defects

Question 19

Wnt-7

Answer 19

produced at apical ectodermal ridge - dorsal-ventral axis

Question 20

SHH

Answer 20

produced at base of limbs - anterior-posterior axis

Question 21

FGF

Answer 21

produced at apical ectodermal ridge - lengthening of limbs

Question 22

Hox

Answer 22

craniocaudal direction - mutation = limbs in wrong locations

Question 23

alkylating agents

Answer 23

missing digits

Question 24

carbamazepine

Answer 24

facial dysmorphism, neural tube defects

Question 25

methimazole

Answer 25

aplasia cutis congenita

Question 26

warfarin

Answer 26

bone deformities, abortion, eye abnormalitiies

Question 27

monochorionic diamniotic cleavage day

Answer 27

days 4-8

Question 28

type I error

Answer 28

false positive - saying there is an effect where there is not = a = p

Question 29

type II error

Answer 29

false negative - saying no effect where there is one = B, statistical power = 1-B

Question 30

ANOVA

Answer 30

comparing mean between 3 or more groups

Question 31

Chi-square

Answer 31

difference between 2 or more percentages/non-means

Question 32

relative risk

Answer 32

cohort study - comparing percentages over total

Question 33

odds ratio

Answer 33

case controlled - comparing percentages over 1-percentages

Question 34

attributable risk

Answer 34

% difference between percentages of exposed or nonexposed - if risk of lung cancer in smokers is 21% and risk in nonsmokers is 1%, then 20% of the lung cancer risk in smokers is attributable to smoking

Question 35

relative risk reduction

Answer 35

1-relative risk

Question 36

absolute risk reduction

Answer 36

difference in risk to intervention minus control - vaccine develop the flu vs. 2% of people who receive a flu vaccine, then ARR = 8% − 2% = 6% = .06

Question 37

number needed to treat

Answer 37

1/ARR

Question 38

number needed to harm

Answer 38

1/AR