Flashcards - Micro
1
Q
superantigen
A
interacts with MHC on APCs/T-cells –> causes widespread activation of T-cells (IL2) and macs (IL-1/TNF)
2
Q
Bradyzoites
A
Toxoplasma
3
Q
P fimbriae
A
E. coli - allows adhesion ot uroepithelium
4
Q
Cowdry Type A
A
HSV
5
Q
Cowdry Type B
A
Adenovirus
6
Q
ballooning degeneration, fine cytoplastic protein granules
A
acute hepatitis (HBV, HAV)
7
Q
lymphoid aggregates in portal tracts
A
HCV
8
Q
M Protein
A
Streptococcus pyogenes/Scarlet fever - binds factor H, inactivaes C3-convertase
9
Q
Protein A
A
staph aureus - binds IgG Fc, preventing opsonization
10
Q
pyocynin
A
Pseudomonas aeruginosa - green pigment
11
Q
exotoxin A
A
inhibits elongation factor 2 (EF-2), Pseudomonas aeruginosa
12
Q
tetanus toxin
A
blocks release of inhibitory neurotransmitters in Renshaw inhibitory neurons
13
Q
shiga toxin/EHEC
A
inactivates 60S ribosomal subunit - apoptosis
14
Q
choleragen and E. coli heat labile toxin
A
activates adenylate cyclase - increase cAMP, induces secretion of NaCl
15
Q
e. coli heat stable toxin
A
activates guanylate cylase to produce GMP, inhibits resorption of NaCl
16
Q
4 bacteria that produce exotoxins that increase cAMP
A
cholera, anthrax, Montezumas revenge (ETEC), pertussis
17
Q
catalase +/-
A
Staph/Strep
18
Q
coagulase +/-
A
S. aureus/S epidermidis (novobiocin sensitive), S. saprophyticus (novobiocin resistant)
19
Q
gram + rods
A
clostridium, listeria, bacillus, corynebacterium
20
Q
vanA
A
enterococcus - D-alanine-D-lactate - low affinity for vancomycin
21
Q
Chocolate agar
A
H. influenzae - meningitis w/ ceftriaxone, mucosal w/ amox
22
Q
Thayer-Martin agar
A
N. gonorrhoeae, N. meningitidis (capsule, maltose fermenter)
23
Q
Bordet-Gengou agar, Regan-Lowe medium
A
B. pertussis
24
Q
Löwenstein-Jensen agar
A
M. tuberculosis
25
Eaton agar
M. pneumoniae
26
Lactose-fermenting enterics
MacConkey agar - Fast - klebsiella, e. coli, enterobacter; Slow - citrobacter, serratia
27
Eosin–methylene blue (EMB) agar
E. coli
28
Charcoal yeast extract agar buffered with cysteine and iron
Legionella
29
Sabouraud agar
Fungi
30
thiosulfate-citrate-bilesalts-sucrose (TCBS) agar
V. cholerae
31
Ziehl-Neelsen (carbol fuchsin)
Acid-fast bacteria (Nocardia, Mycobacteria), protozoa (Cryptosporidium oocysts).
32
broad, nonseptate hyphae at 90degrees
Mucormycosis
33
India ink
Cryptococcus neoformans
34
Silver stain
Fungi (e.g., Pneumocystis), Legionella, Helicobacter pylori.
35
Giemsa stain
Chlamydia, Borrelia, Rickettsia, Trypanosomes, Plasmodium.
36
tumbling motility at 25C, rocket tails
listeria
37
comma shaped oxidase positive bugs
c. jejuni (grows in 42C), v. cholerae (grows in alkaline), h. pylori (urease)
38
EHEC
O157:H7 - shiga-toxin - HUS
39
ETEC
travelers diarrhea - enterotoxin
40
EIEC
similar to Shigella
41
mucoid colonies, dark 'currant jelly' sputum
klebsiella - polysaccharide capsules
42
salmonella treatment
no antibiotics, can prolong duration
43
catalase, oxidase and urease positive gram negative rod
H. pylori - PPI + clarithromycin + amoxicillin/metronidazole
44
Q fever
coxiella burnettii - cattle/sheep amniotic fluid - pneumonia, culture neg endocarditis
45
oxidase positive gram negative rod
pseudomonas aeruginosa
46
oxidase negative gram negative rod non lactose fermenting - does not produce H2S
shigella
47
oxidase negative gram negative rod that produces H2S
salmonella, proteus, yersinia
48
gram positive anaerobe forming yellow "sulfur granules"
actinomyces - oral flora - penicillin
49
acid fast gram-positive aerobe
nocardia - found in soil - sulfonamides
50
gold pigment on sheep blood agar
staph aureus (gold)
51
gray to black on potassium-tellurite plate
C. diphtheriae
52
biofilm forming
coag negative - staph epidermidis
53
encapsulated bacteria
strep pneumo, h. flu B, N meningititis, E coli, salmonella, klebsiella, GBS
54
PAS+
stains glycogen - T whipplei
55
MAC prophylaxis
azithromycin
56
catalase positive organisms
NoPLACESS - nocardia, pseudomonas, listeria, aspergillus, candida, e. coli, staph, serratia
57
urease positive organisms (7)
Cryptococcus, H pylori, Proteus, Ureaplasma, Nocardia, Klebseilla,S. epidermidis, S. saprophyticus
58
c. perfringens toxin
lecinthinase (phospholipase C/alpha toxin) - gas gangrene
59
diphtheria toxin
AB exotoxin - inactivates EF-2 - inhibits protein synthesis, Corynebacterium diptheriae
60
cytoplasm with metachromatic granules that saine with aniline dyes/methylene blue
C diptheriae
61
maltose +/- diplococci
N. meningitidis/N. gonorrhoeae
62
Toxin B/cytotoxin
disrupts cytoskeleton - C.diff
63
adenylate cyclase activating toxins organisms
pertussis, anthrax, ETEC (heat labile), campylobacter, cholera, bcereus
64
guanylate cyclase activating toxin organisms
ETEC (heat stable), yersinia enterocolitica
65
pregnant HIV prophylaxis
Ziduvadine
66
disc-shaped yeast on methenamine silver of lung tissue, acellular, foamy material
pneumocystis jiroveci
67
Negri body, bullet shaped
Rabies - retrograde axonal migration from Ach receptor
68
IgA protease
strep pneumo, h. flu, N. gonorrhea and meningitidis
69
basophilic clusters on intestinal mucosa cells, oocytes
cryptosporidiosis
70
spindle cells with blood vessel proliferation
kaposi's sarcoma HHV-8
71
trophozoites with RBCs
entamoeba histolytica - bloody diarrhea
72
endotoxin lipid A
Enterobacteriaceae - part of LPS, activates macrophages - septic shock
73
Councilman bodies
acidophilic (pink on H&E) apoptotic hepatocytes - acute viral hepatitis
74
Candida defense
T-lymphocyte mediated for superficial, neutrophil mediated for systemic
75
viral serum sickness
Hepatitis B
76
pyrrolidonyl arylamidase (PYR)+, beta-hemolytic, gram-positive cocci
strep pyogenes
77
sporothrix schenckii
rose prick - lymphatic nodules - round/cigar shaped budding yeast - treat with itraconazole or potassium iodide
78
coccidioides
southwest US - pulmonary - thick walled spherules with endospores
79
histoplasma capsulatum
ohio/mississippi valleys, bats, bird droppings - pulmonary (granulomas with calcifications) - oval yeast cells within macrophages
80
blastomyces dermatitidis
ohio/mississippi valleys, soil - pulmonary (pneumonia) - doubly refracted wall, broad based bud
81
paracoccidioides brasiliensis
central/south america - mucocutaneous ulcers - cells covered in budding blastoconidia - captains wheel
82
cryptococcus neoformans
soil/pigeon droppings - meningitis, pulmonary - budding yeast forms with thick capsules
83
budding yeast in "captain's wheel"
paracoccidioidomycosis
84
candida albicans
germ tubes/true hyphae at 37C
85
legionella
intracellular gram-negative - pneumonia, diarrhea, hyponatremia
86
cold agglutinins
EBV, mycobacteria
87
lipooligosaccharide
N. meningitidis - levels correlated with mortality
88
india ink/mucicarmine stain, encapsulated yeast with narrow-based budding, "soap bubble", latex agglutinating
cryptococcus neoformans
89
osmium tetraoxide
stains fat - fat embolus in lung tissue
90
tinea versicolor
Malassezia (pityrosporum) - acids from degradation of lipids damage melanocytes
91
H. influenza b growth medium
blood agar with X (hematin) and V (NAD+) factor
92
naegleria fowleri
freshwater lakes - rapidly fatal meningoencephalitis - amphotericin B
93
trypanosoma brucei
african sleeping sickness - tsetse fly - recurrent fever - suramin (blood), melarsoprol (CNS)
94
toxoplasma gondii
tachyzoite on biopsy - sulfadiazine + pyrimethamine
95
babesiosis
"maltese cross" - tick borne - atovaquone + azithromycine
96
trypanosoma cruzi
chagas disease - reuviid bug (kissing) - benzidazole or nifurtimox
97
bendazoles
treat nematodes(roundworm) - enterobius vermicularis, ascaris lumbricoides, strongyloides stercoralis, ancylostoma duodenale, nevator americanus, trichinella spiralis
98
taenia solium
undercook pork - intestinal infection, cysticercosis, neurocysticercosis - praziquantel
99
echinococcus granulosus
dog feces, sheep - hyatid cysts in liver - anaphylaxis if released - inject with ethanol/hypertonic saline, albendazole
100
praziquantel
tapeworms (taenia solium, diphyllobothrium latum) and flukes (schistosoma, clonorchis sinensis)
101
live attenuated vaccines (7)
smallpox, yellow fever, rotavirus, chickenpox, sabin, MMR, influenza (intranasal)
102
killed vaccine (4)
rabies, influenza (injected), salk polio, HAV
103
aspiration pneumonia bacteria
anaerobes - peptostreptococcus, fusobacterium, prevotella, bacteroides
104
typhoid fever
salmonella typhi - fever, watery diarrhea, salmon-colored rose spots, hepatosplenomegaly, GI bleeding
105
newborn meningitis
listeria, e. coli, GBS
106
elderly meningtitis
S. pneumoniae, gram negative rods, listeria
107
IV drug abuse osteomyelitis
pseudomonas, candida, s. aureus
108
fitz-hugh-curtis syndrome
PID --> liver capsule infection and adhesions
109
CR2 (CD21)
EBV - interacts with gp350
110
CD4/CXCR4/CCR5
HIV
111
ICAM1
rhinovirus
112
Group A strep
bacitracin sensitive - S. pyogenes
113
Group B strep
bacitracin resistant - S. agalactiae
114
d-glutamate aminoacid antiphagocytic capsule
Bacillus anthracis
115
encapsulated bile soluble optochin sensitive lancet-shaped, gram-positive cocci in pairs
Strepococcus pneumoniae
116
non-encapsulated optochin resistant alpha hemolytic
viridans strepococci
117
bean-shaped, gram-negative cocci in pairs
N. meningitidis
118
B. anthrancis toxin
adenylate cyclase --> massive increase in cAMP
119
Bordetella pertussis toxin
adenylate cyclase --> massive increase in cAMP
120
most common HIV resistance
pol gene mutation - resistance to standard protease inhibitors; Env mutation - escape from host neutralizing antibodies
121
HIV gp41 protein
env - fusion protein - enfurviritide
122
HIV gp120 protein
env - target cell attachment - CCR5 on macs, CXCR4 on T-cells
123
HIV p17 protein
gag - matrix protein
124
heteropil antibodies
Monospot - detects EBV
125
parvovirus B19 binding antigen
erythrocyte P antigen
126
DNA viruses
double stranded, linear, icosahedral, replicate in nucleus
127
Papillomavirus (HPV)
dsDNA, non-enveloped, circular
128
Adenovirus
dsDNA, non-enveloped, linear
129
Hepadnaviridae (HBV)
dsDNA, enveloped, circular
130
herpesvirus
dsDNA, enveloped, linear - HSV1, HSV2, VZV, EBV, CMV, roseola, kaposi(8)
131
Parvoviridae (B19)
ssDNA, non-enveloped, linear - erythema infectiosum (5th disease) - "slapped cheek"
132
reovirus (rotavirus)
dsRNA, non-enveloped, linear, icosahedral
133
Pircornaviridae
ssRNA+, non-enveloped, icosahedral - polio, echo, rhino, coxsackie, HAV (PERCH)
134
calcivirus (norovirus)
ssRNA+, non-enveloped, icosahedral
135
Flaviviridae
ssRNA+, enveloped, icosahedral - HCV, yellow, dengue, west nile
136
Deltaviridae (HDV)
ssRNA-, enveloped, helical
137
Hepeveridae
ssRNA+, enveloped, icosahedral - HEV
138
retrovirus
ssRNA+, enveloped, icosahedral - reverse transcriptase - HIV, HTLV
139
Togaviridae
ssRNA+, enveloped, icosahedral - Rubella, eastern/western equine encephalitis
140
coronavirus
ssRNA+, enveloped, helical - "common cold", SARS
141
filovirus (ebola)
ssRNA-, enveloped, helical
142
orthomyxovirus
ssRNA-, enveloped, helical, segmented - influenza
143
rhabdovirus (rabies)
ssRNA-, enveloped, helical, segmented
144
paramyxovirus
ssRNA-, enveloped, helical - Mumps, RSV, measles, parainfluenza
145
segmented viruses
RNA viruses - bunyaviruses, orthomyxoviruses, arenaviruses, reoviruses (BOAR)
146
negative strand viruses
needs own RNA-dependent RNA polymerase - arenavirus, bunyavirus, paramyxovirus, orthomyxovirus, filovirus, rhadovirus
147
exanthem subitus
roseola/HHV-6 - rose colored macules after several days of high fever
148
hand-foot-mouth disease
coxsackievirus type A - oval shaped vesicles on palms/soles, oral mucosa
149
rash from head moving down
measles - cough, coryza, conjunctivitis, koplik spots
150
pale coalescing macules from head moving down
rubella/German measles
151
infant: PDA, cataracts, deafness, blueberry muffin rash
rubella
152
infant: hearing loss, seizures, petechial rash, blueberry muffin rash, periventricular calcifications
CMV
153
infant: recurrent infections, chronic diarrhea
HIV
154
infant: encephalitis, herpetic lesions
HSV 2
155
infant: stillbirth, hydrops fetalis, notched teeth, saddle nose, short maxilla, saber shins, CN8 deafness
syphillis
156
Zidovudine
nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor - bone marrow toxicity, anemia
157
Oseltamivir
neuraminidase inhibitor - virus unable to release from cell
158
Indinavir
protease inhibitor - lipodystrophy, hyperglycemia, P450 inhibitor
159
Raltegravir
integrase inhibitor
160
Foscarnet
CMV infection - nephrotoxicity - hypoCa, hypoMg, hypoK
161
transformation
naked DNA fragment uptake
162
transduction
viral-mediated DNA transfer
163
conjucation
transfer with sex pili
164
transposition
plasmid jumping
165
acid-fast bacteria that grows optimally at 41C
mycobacterium avium complex
166
listeriolysin
lyses through vacuolar membrane into cytosol
167
sorbitol non-fermenting, no glucuoronidase production E. coli
EHEC O157:H7
168
toxin A
C. diff enterotoxin - inactivate Rho-regulatory proteins - disrupts actin cytoskeleton/tight junctions
169
toxin B
C. diff cytotoxin
170
schistosoma haematobium
from snails - expelled in urine
171
Malaria
p. falciprum - daily fever
| p. vivax, ovale - periodic fever
172
acute bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA)
complicates asthma, transient recurrant pulmonary infiltrates
173
intracranial calcifications
neonatal toxoplasmosis
174
beta hemolytic strep breakdown
B-BRAS - bacitracin - group b resistant, group a sensitive
175
alpha hemolytic Strep breakdown
OVERPASS - optochin - viridins resistant, pneumo sensitive
176
coag negative Staph breakdown
No STRESS - novobiocin, saprophyticus resistant, epidermidis sensitive
177
gram negative bacilli breakdown
daCLB - diptheria, clostridium, listeria, bacillus
178
type III secretion
"injectisome" - pseudomonas, salmonella, shigella, e. coli
179
lepromatous Mycobacterium leprae
diffusely over skin - Th2 response
180
tuberculoid Mycobacterium leprae
limited to a few hypoesthetic, hairless skin plaques - Th1 - type immune response
181
leptospirosis
Leptospira interrogans - water contaminated with animal urine - surfers and in tropics - flu-like symptoms, photophobia with conjunctival suffusion
182
Wuchereria bancrofti
Elephantiasis - 9 mo–1 yr after bite to become symptomatic - Diethylcarbamazine
183
meningitis treatment
ceftriaxone, vancomycin, +/- amox if listeria
184
pseudomonas coverage
piperacillin, cephalosporins, flouroquinolones, carbapenems
