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Flashcards - Endocrine

1
Q

Basophilic cell of pituitary

A

GH, PRL

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2
Q

Acidophilic cell of pituitary

A

FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH

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3
Q

Primary hyperparathyroid

A

increased PTH, serum Ca, urinary cAMP, alk phos, decreased serum phosphate

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4
Q

Secondary hyperparathyroid

A

increased PTH, serum phosphate, decreased serum Ca

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5
Q

Tertiary hyperparathryoid

A

greatly increased PTH, increased Ca

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6
Q

PTH receptor

A

Gs –> increase in cAMP

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7
Q

GLUT-1

A

RBC, brain, cornea

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8
Q

GLUT-2

A

bi-directional, b-islet, liver, kidney, small intestine

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9
Q

GLUT-3

A

brain

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10
Q

GLUT-4

A

insulin dependent - adipose, striated muscle

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11
Q

GLUT-5

A

fructose only - spermatocyte, GI tract

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12
Q

SGLT-2

A

PCT of kidney

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13
Q

insulin receptor

A

tyrosine kinase –> phosphoinositide-3 kinase (GLUT4) + RAS/MAP kinase (cell growth)

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14
Q

MEN1

A

Pituitary, Pancreatic (gastrin), Parathyroid

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15
Q

MEN2A

A

Parathyroid, Pheochromocytoma, Medullary thyroid carcinoma

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16
Q

MEN2B

A

Pheochromocytoma, Medullary thyroid carcinoma, mucosal Neuromas

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17
Q

Testosterone stimulation

A

LH

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18
Q

FSH stimulates

A

inhibin B

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19
Q

aldolase b deficiency

A

heriditary fructose intolerance - less serious

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20
Q

Kallman syndrome

A

GnRH deficiency - anosmia, no puberty

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21
Q

Zona Glomerulosa

A

Aldoesterone

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22
Q

Zona Fasiculata

A

Cortisol/sex hormones

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23
Q

Zona Reticularis

A

Sex hormones

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24
Q

Adrenal Medulla/Chromaffin

A

preganglionic sympathetic - catecholamines

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25
Glucokinase
Liver - not inhibited by G6P - high Km/low affinity
26
Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency
inability to fast more than 12-24 hours
27
Glucagonoma
diabetes, anemia, necrolytic migratory erythema, DVT, depression
28
classic galactosemia - enzyme
G-1-P-uridyltransferase deficiency
29
galactokinase deficiency
galactilol accumulation, infantile cataracts
30
Amiodarone side effect
40% iodine by weight, can cause thyroid dysfunction
31
congo red amyloid with polygonal cells, spindle shaped cells with extracellular amyloid deposits
Medullary thyroid cancer
32
oxyphilic cells with granular cytoplasm
Hurthle cells - Hashimotos
33
malignant cells in amyloid stroma
Medullary thyroid cancer
34
mixed, cellular infiltration with occasional multinucleate giant cells
de Quervain's thyroiditis - postviral, decreased I+ uptake
35
fixed hard/rock-like painless goiter
Riedel thyroiditis - hypothyroid, fibrous
36
phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT)
converts norepi to epi in adrenal medulla, stimulated by cortisol
37
menopause test
FSH
38
TBG levels
decreases in hepatic failure, steroids, increase with estrogen/pregnancy
39
orphan annie eyes, overlapping nuclei with finely dispersed chromatin, intranuclear inclusions and grooves, psammoma bodies
papillary thyroid cancer
40
hormones that increase cAMP
FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, CRH, hCG, ADH, MSH, PTH, calicitonin, GHRH, glucagon
41
hormones that increase cGMP
ANP, BNP, NO
42
IP3
GnRH, Oxytocin, ADH(V1), TRH, Histamine (H1), Angiotensin II, Gastrin
43
intracellular receptor
Vitamin D, Estrogen, Testosterone, T3/T4, Cortisol, aldosterone, progesterone
44
intrinsic tyrosine kinase
insulin, IGH-1, FGF, PDGF, EGF (MAP kinase)
45
receptor tyrosine kinase
PRL, cytokines, GH, G-CSF, EPO, TPO (JAK/STAT)
46
methimazole
peroxidase only
47
PTU
peroxidase + 5'-deiodinase (peripheral conversion), used in pregnancy
48
N-myc
neuroblastoma - opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome, HVA/VMA in urine
49
metyrapone
diagnose adrenal insufficiency, blocks 11b-hydroxylase from synthesizing cortisol, increasing ACTH, 11-deoxycortisol
50
cinacalcet
for hypercalcemia due to hyperPTH - sensitizes Ca2 sensing receptor in parathyroid --> decreases PTH
51
24hr insulin
glargine, detemir
52
12hr insulin
NPH
53
2-4hr insulin
regular insulin
54
45-75min insulin
aspart, lispro, glulisine
55
myxedema
severe hypothyroidism - accumulation of glycoaminoglycans
56
b-islet cells insulin signaling
Glucose --> glycolysis --> ATP/ADP ration --> ATP sensitive K+ channels close --> depolarization --> voltage gated Ca2+ channels open --> exocytosis of insulin granules
57
somatomedin C
IGF-1 - stimulated by GH
58
Vitamin D types
D2 - from plants | D3 - from sun exposure in skin
59
pseudohypoparathyroidism
unresponsive to PTH - defect in Gs protein - short 4/5th digits
60
Graves Disease Ig
IgG to TSH receptor --> myxedema, exopthalmos
61
calcitonin positive thyroid nodule
medullary thyroid cancer

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