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Flashcards - GI

1
Q

Warthin tumor

A

benign cystic tumor with abundant lymphocytes/GCs, almost always in parotid

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2
Q

Sialadenitis

A

inflammation usually due to S. aureus

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3
Q

hairy leukoplakia

A

EBV-induced SCC on lateral tongue

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4
Q

Plummer-Vinson syndrome

A

severe Fe deficiency, esophageal webs, beefy red tongue

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5
Q

Chagas

A

trypanosoma cruzi - achalasia

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6
Q

G-cells

A

produce gastrin - stimualted by stomach distension, vagal stimulation

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7
Q

D-cells

A

produces SST - stimulated by increased acid, inhibited by vagal stim - inhibits acid, pancreas, gallbladder, VIP, insulin/glucagon activity

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8
Q

I-cells

A

CCK - stimulated by FFA/AAs - increases pancreas, gallbladder activity, decrease gastric empty

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9
Q

S-cells

A

secretin - stimulated by FFAs in duodenum - increased bicarb, bile, decrease acid

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10
Q

K-cells

A

glucose dependent insulinotropic peptide - stimulated by FFA/AA, glu - decreases acid, increases insulin

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11
Q

parietal cell

A

produces H+/intrinsic factor - stimulated by histamine and gastrin

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12
Q

chief cells

A

produces pepsinogen

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13
Q

Parietal cell signalling

A

activation of H+/K+ ATPase -
Ach/M3 + gastrin/CCK3 –> IP3/Ca2+,
Histamine/H2(+) + PGE(-) + SST(-) –> cAMP

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14
Q

Th2 disorder

A

ulcerative colitis - IL-4, IL-6, IL-10

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15
Q

Th1 disorder

A

crohn’s disease - hypersensitivity reactions and granuloma formations -

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16
Q

Brunner’s gland

A

in submucosa - secrete alkaline mucus

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17
Q

desmoplasia with diffuse thicking of stomach wall (linitis plastica)

A

signet cell gastric carcinoma - diffuse type, not associated with H. pylo

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18
Q

brain gyri rugae

A

Menetrier disease –> increased protein production resulting in protein loss/parietal cell atropy

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19
Q

PAS+ globules

A

alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency

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20
Q

duodenal atresia genetic link

A

associated with Downs

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21
Q

Celiac HLA

A

HLA-DQ2/DQ8 - IgA antibodies to tissue transglutaminase

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22
Q

Whipple Disease

A

tropheryma whippeli - fat malabsorption - foamy macrophages, PAS+

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23
Q

chromogranin

A

Carcinoid tumor

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24
Q

Hirschsprung gene

A

RET - lack of Meissner + Auerbach

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25
Turcot syndrome
FAP + CNS tumor
26
Gardner syndrome
FAP + osseous/soft tissue tumors, teeth, retinal hypertrophy
27
gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT)
liver/biliary disease, differentiates from bone disease
28
Reye syndrome
ASA use for viral (VZV, influenza B) - decrease beta-oxidation by reversible inhibition of mitochondrial enzymes - microvesicular fatty change
29
Mallory bodies
intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusions of damaged keratin filaments (twisted rope) - Alcoholic hepatitis (AST > ALT 1.5)
30
Alcoholic cirrhosis
sclerosis around central vein (zone III)
31
NAFLD
ALT > AST
32
nutmeg liver
Budd-Chiari - thrombosis/compression of hepatic veins - centrilobar congestion/necrosis
33
Amanita phalloides/deathcap poisoning
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase type II inhibition of mRNA synthesis
34
pyridoxal phosphate
cofactor in delta-aminovlulinic acid synthesis ( elevated in lead poisoning)
35
Niacin
decreases synthesis of hepatic triglycerides and VLDL by suppression of FFA release from peripheral tissue + decreased VLDL to LDL conversion
36
flattened polyhedral/ovoid epithelial cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm, keratin nests/pearls, intercellular bridging
SCC of esophagus
37
primary biliary cirrhosis
Anti-mitochondrial IgM, associated with CREST, Sjogren, RA, celiac - presents with itching
38
primary sclerosing cholangitis
hyperIgM, p-ANCA, associated with UC - "onion skin" bile duct with "beading"
39
adenoma-carcinoma sequence
AK-53 - APC (ch5) --> K-ras --> p53 --> increased COX
40
ApoE
mediates remnant uptake - Chylomicron, Chylomicron Remnant, VLDL, IDL, HDL
41
ApoA-I
Activates LCAT - Chylomicron, HDL
42
ApoC-II
lipoprotein lipase cofactor - Chylomicron, VLDL, IDL, LDL, HDL
43
apoB-48
mediates chylomicron secretion in small intestive - Chylomicron, Chylomicron Remnant
44
ApoB-100
binds to LDL receptor in liver - VLDL, IDL, LDL
45
wilson disease
Copper normally excreted into bile with ATP7B (Ch 13) ATPase
46
hemochromatosis
HFE gene (C282Y or H63D), associated with HLA-A3 - presents as "bronze diabetes", HF, testicular atrophy, micronodular cirrhosis
47
scorpian sting
acute pancreatitis
48
Trousseau syndrome
migratory thrombophlebitis - pancreatic cancer
49
dorsal pancreatic bud
larger - forms body, tail, isthmus and accessory duct
50
venous drainage from below pectinate line
inferior rectal vein --> internal pudendal --> internal iliac --> common iliac --> IVC
51
liver ischemia sensitivity
Zone III - sensitive to toxins, contains P-450
52
Peyers patches
contains B-cells that secretes IgA, M-cells - salmonella infects through M-cells
53
painless, mobile jaw mass - chondromyxoid stroma and epithelium
pleomorphic adenoma - can recur if not excised completely
54
Type A chronic gastritis
A's - autoimmune - autoantibodies to pareital cells, pernicious anemia, achlorhydria
55
Type B chronic gastritis
H. pylori - increased risk of MALT lymphoma
56
virchow node
gastric metastasis to left supraclavicular node
57
sister mary joseph nodule
subcutaneous periumbilical metastasis from gastric cancer
58
krukenberg tumor
bilateral gastric metastasis to ovaries, mucin secreting signet ring cells
59
saw-tooth crypts
Serrated colonic polyp - premalignant - BRAF mutation/microsatellite instablity
60
Peutz-Jeghers
AD - GI hamartomas, pigmented mouth/lips/hands/genitalia - increased risk of Ca in colon, breast, stomach, small bowel, pancreas
61
Lynch syndrome
AD - HNPCC - DNA mismatch repair with MSI
62
Apple-core lesion on barium enema
CRC
63
ALT>AST
Viral hepatitis
64
AST>ALT
Alcoholic hepatitis
65
liver angiosarcoma
malignant tumor associated with arsenic and vinyl chloride
66
Gilbert/Crigler-Najjar deficiency
UDP-glucoronosyltransferase
67
pancreatic pseudocyst lining
granulation tissue
68
Leser–Trélat sign
explosive onset of multiple seborrheic keratoses - can indicate gastric carcinoma
69
abetalipoproteinemia
AR - deficiency in Apolipoprotein B-48 (chylomicrons), B-100 (VLDL)
70
Left sided CRC
napkin ring lesion - decreased stool calibre, LLQ pain, blood streaked stool
71
right sided CRC
raised lesion - Fe deficiency anemia, vague pain, weight loss

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