Flashcards - Neuro
1
Q
Cocaine/Hydroxyamphetamine
A
Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor/Norepinephrine release (can test if 3rd order Horners)
2
Q
cerebral hemispheres embryo origins
A
–> telecephalon –> prosencephalon
3
Q
thalamus
A
–> diencephalon –> prosencephalon
4
Q
midbrain
A
–> mesencephalon
5
Q
pons/cerebellum
A
–> metencephalon –> rhombencephalon
6
Q
medulla
A
–> myelencephalon –> rhombencephalon
7
Q
Serotonin amino acids
A
–> 5-hydroxytryptamine –> tryptophan
8
Q
tetrahydrobiopterin
A
tyrosine, dopa, serotonin, NO
9
Q
Norepinephrine nucleus
A
locus cereleus
10
Q
Dopamine nucleus
A
ventral tegmentum and substantia nigra pars compacta
11
Q
5-HT nucleus
A
raphe nuclei
12
Q
Ach nucleus
A
basal nucleus of Meynert (affected in AD)
13
Q
GABA nucleus
A
nucleus accumbens
14
Q
Loss of GABA neurons
A
Huntingtons disease (Ch 4) - Neuron death from NMDA-R binding and glutamate toxicity - ex-vacuo dilation of frontal horns
15
Q
NMDA receptor agonist
A
glutamate + glycine co-factor
16
Q
mu opiod receptor
A
G-proteins –> activates potassium channels to increase K efflux –> hyperpolarization
17
Q
mesolimbic-mesocortical
A
behavior
18
Q
nigrostriatal
A
voluntary movements (parkinsons)
19
Q
tuberoinfundibular
A
prolactin secretion
20
Q
superoxide dismutase 1
A
Lou Gehrigs - ALS - UMN+LMN deficits - use rilouzole (glutamate antagonist)
21
Q
multinucleated giant cells in CNS
A
HIV infected microglia
22
Q
free nerve fibers
A
pain/temperature - on skin
23
Q
meissner corpuscles
A
fine/light touch, position - on hairless skin
24
Q
pacinian corpuscles
A
vibration/pressure - deep skin layers, ligaments/joints
25
merkel disks
deep static touch, pressure - fingertips
26
ruffini corpuscles
pressure, slippage, joint angle change - fingertips
27
Lateral area of hypothalamus
hunger (inhibited by leptin)
28
Ventromedial area of hypothalamus
satiety (stimulated by leptin)
29
anterior hypothalamus
cooling, parasympathetic
30
posterior hypothalamus
heating, sympathetic
31
suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus
circadian rhythm --\> norepi --\> pineal gland --\> melatonin
32
VPL of thalamus
spinothalamic/DCML - pain, temperature, touch, vibration proprioception
33
VPM of thalamus
trigeminal/gustatory - face sensation, taste
34
LGN of thalamus
CN II - vision
35
MGN of thalamus
superior olive/inferior colliculus - hearing
36
VL of thalamus
basal ganglia/cerebellum - motor
37
Sleep Stage N2
medium sleep - bruxism
38
Sleep Stage N3
deepest sleep - sleepwalking, night terrors, bedwetting
39
REM sleep
loss of motor tone - dreaming
40
BG indirect pathway
inhibitory - Cortex/SNc -(+)-\> Putamen -(-)-\> GPi -(-)-\> Thalamus -(+)-\> Motor Cortex
41
BG direct pathway
excitatory - Cortex/SNc -(+)-\> Putamen -(-)-\> GPe -(-)-\> STN -(+)-\> GPi -(-)-\>Thalamus -(+)-\> Motor Cortex
42
Wilson's disease brain damage
putamen degeneration
43
alpha-synuclein
Lewy bodies - Parkinson's
44
silver staining spherical tau protein aggregates
Pick bodies - Pick disease/FTD
45
hemiballism
subthalamic nucleus lesion - lacunar strokes
46
subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE)
years after measles virus - oligoclonal bands of measles antibodies in CSF
47
Charcot-Bouchard
pseudoaneurysm from dilation of arteriole walls due to hypertension - lenticulostriate vessels
48
Wallenberg syndrome
Lateral medullary syndrome - PICA - nucleus ambiguus - hoarseness, dysphagia, slurred speech
49
stroke timeline
12-48h: red neurons, 24-72h: necrosis + neutrophils, 3-5d: macrophages(migroglia), 1-2w: reactive gliosis, \>2w: glial scar
50
S100+ cell origins
neural crest
51
GFAP+
gliomas (astrocytes, oligodendryocytes, ependymal, schwann)
52
necrotic, pseudopalisading, GFAP+
glioblastoma multiforme - astrocytes - butterfly lesion
53
spindle cells, whorl pattern, psammoma bodies
meningioma - arachnoid - associated with estrogen
54
schwannoma
CN VIII @ cerebellarpontine angle common - S100+
55
well circumscribed, calcified, fried egg appearance, chicken-wire capillaries,
oligodendroglioma
56
cystic, mural nodule, rosenthal fibers (thick eosinophilic corkscrews), GFAP+
pilocytic astrocyoma - most commonly in cerebellum
57
small round blue cells, Homer-Wright rosette
medulloblastoma - neuroectoderm - exclusively in cerebellum, usually vermis - can cause hydrocephalus
58
perivascular rosettes, rod-shaped blepharoblasts
ependymoma - 4th ventricle - cuases CSF blockage
59
toothlike calcifications
craniopharygioma - rathke's pouch remnant (surface ectoderm)
60
hydrocephalus, intracranial calcifications and chorioretinitis in infant
congenital toxoplasmosis
61
viral meningitis viruses
enteroviruses (coxsackie, echo, polio, entero)
62
narcolepsy proteins
hypocretin-1/2 (orexin-A/B)
63
flumazenil
antidote to benzo overdose
64
Triptans
5-HT agonists
65
dorsal column
proprioception/vibration/pressure - nerve ending --\> cell body (DRG) --\> spinal cord --\> ipsilateral up dorsal column
66
spinothalamic tract
pain/temperature - nerve endings enter spinal root
67
lateral corticospinal tract
voluntary movemets/UMN - cell body (motor cortex) --\> pyrimidal decusation --\> descends contralaterally
68
Friedrichs ataxia
AR - GAA trinucleotide repeat on Ch9 - frataxin (iron binding protein) defect - falling, diabetes, HOCM, kyphoscoliosis - like Vit E def
69
nipple dermatome
T4
70
navel dermatome
T10
71
inguinal ligament dermatome
L1
72
kneecap dermatome
L4
73
medial CN nuclei
3, 4, 6, 12 - factors of 12
74
midbrain CN nuclei
III, IV
75
pons CN nuclei
V, VI, VII, VIII
76
medulla CN nuclei
IX, X, XII
77
spinal cord CN nuclei
XI
78
optic canal
II
79
superior orbital fissure
III, IV, V1, VI
80
foramen rotundum
V2
81
foramen ovale
V3
82
foramen spinosum
middle meningeal artery
83
internal auditory meatus
VII, VIII
84
jugular foramen
IX, X, XI, jugular vein
85
hypoglossal canal
XII
86
foramen magnum
XI, brainstem, vertebral arteries
87
nucleus ambiguus
motor inntervation of pharynx, larynx, upper esphagus (IX, X, XI)
88
nucleus solitarius
visceral sensory information (VII, IX, X)
89
Dorsal motor nucleus
parasympathetic fibers to heart, lungs, upper GI (Vagus)
90
mastication muscles
Masseter, teMporalis, Medial pterygoid (V3)
91
simple partial seizure treatment
carbamazepine
92
complex partial seizure treatment
carbamazepine
93
tonic clonic seizure treatment
phenytoin, carbamazepine and valproate
94
myoclonic seizures treatment
valproic acid
95
absence seizures treatment
ethosuximide
96
Charcot-Marie-Tooth
AD - heriditary motor and sensory neuropathy - defective proteins in peripheral nerves/myelin sheath - scoliosis, foot deformities
97
acute disseminated encephalomyelitis
periventricular inflammation and demyelination after infection - measles/VZV or rabies/smallpox vaccine
98
Krabbe disease
galactocerebrosidase - accumulation --\> myelin sheath destruction
99
metachromatic leukodystrophy
arylsulfatase A - myelin sheath destruction
100
adrenoleukodystrophy
XL - Coenzyme A to very-long-chain fatty acid metabolic disorder, fatal - build up in nerves, adrenals, testes
101
seizure inducing meds
bupropion, clozapine, isoniazid, cipro, imipenem
102
nicotinic receptor
ligand-gated ion channel
103
dispersion of Nissl to periphery, cell body rounding, peripheral displacement of nuclei
Axonal injury/degeneration
104
cerebellum laterality
contralateral to cortex, ipsilateral to proprioception - fall towards lesion side
105
flocculonodular lobe disorder
truncal ataxia, nystagmus, head tilting - bilateral
106
Kluver-Bucy syndrome
amygdala damage - disinhibited behavior - HSV-1
107
Lateral pontine syndrome
AICA lesion - facial paralysis
108
most vulnerable to ischemic damage
hippocampus, layers 3,5,6 of pyramidal cortex
109
Foramen of Luschka
Lateral 4th ventricle to subarachnoid space foramen
110
Foramen of Magendie
Medial 4th ventricle to subarachnoid space foramen
111
Foramen of Monro
Lateral ventricles to third ventricle
112
Cerebral aqueduct of Sylvius
3rd to 4th ventricle
113
Spinal nerves #
31 total (C8, T12, L5, S5, coccygeal), C8 exits under C7 vertebrae
114
LP location
L4-L5 or L5-S1
115
Werdnig-Hoffmann disease
AR - degeneration of anterior horns - floppy baby syndrome, tongue fasciculations - median death 7 mos
116
Ciliary dilator receptor
alpha 1
117
ciliary sphincter + ciliary muscle receptor
M3
118
ciliary epithelium production receptor
beta
119
acute glaucoma contraindicated meds
b-agonists, atropine (iris dilator)
120
drusen
yellowish deposits - dry macular degeneration
121
wet macular degeneration
neovascularization of retina - Anti-VEGF (ranibizumab)
122
diabetic retinopathy
nonproliferative - leaky capillaries/hemorrhage; proliferative - neovascularization (bevacizumab)
123
blood and thunder
central retinal vein occlusion
124
cherry red spot at fovea
central retinal artery occlusion
125
Edinger-Westphal nucleus
parasympathetic pre-ganglionic neurons of CN3 - constriction of pupil, accommadation, outputs pupillary light reflex
126
CNIII central lesion
oculomotor defect - diabetic ischemia
127
CNIII peripheral lesion
parasympathetic defect - compression
128
Meyers loop
Inferior vision field - inferior horn of lateral ventricle
129
MLF lesion
abducting eye gets nystagmus
130
neurofibrillary tangles
hyperphosphorylated tau protein - Alzheimers
131
oligoclonal bands in CSF
MS - periventricular plaques with axonal destruction - beta-interferon
132
Sturge-Weber
activating mutation of GNAQ - affects small blood vessels - port-wine stain, seizures, retardation, epilepsy, glaucoma
133
closely arranged, thin-walled capillaries with minimal intervening parenchyma
cerebellar hemangioblastoma - VHL - can produce EPO
134
ALS - Combined UMN and LMN deficits with no sensory
or oculomotor deficits; both UMN and LMN signs - superoxide dismutase 1
135
Tabes dorsalis - Caused by 3° syphilis. (demyelination) of dorsal columns and roots
136
Vitamin B12 deficiency - Subacute combined degeneration—demyelination of dorsal columns, lateral corticospinal tracts, and
spinocerebellar tracts;
