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BIOCHEMISTRY > FLUID ELECTROLYTE AND ACID BASE BALANCE I > Flashcards

FLUID ELECTROLYTE AND ACID BASE BALANCE I Flashcards

1
Q

__________ accounts for 70% of a cell’s weight

most intracellular reaction occur in aqueous environment

A

water

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2
Q

properties of water include:

(P, H, UBS)

A

polar assymetry
high affinity for other water molecules

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3
Q

water transports _______ and __________

A

gases (O2 & CO2)
substances (nutrients and hormones)

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4
Q

water minimizes temperature changes throughout the body

water has a _____________

A

high specific heat

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5
Q

factors that affect the total body water
these are

(A, D, G)

A

age
degree of obesity
gender

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6
Q

2 major sources of water include

P, M

A

preformed water
metabolic water

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7
Q

water from food and drinks amounting to 2,100 mL/day

A

preformed water

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8
Q

water from oxidation of carbohydrates amounting to 200 mL/day

A

metabolic water

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9
Q

continous loss of water through evaporation which could ether be through the skin or the lungs

A

insensible water losses

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10
Q

the main means by which our body maintains fluid is through _______

A

urine

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11
Q

the __________accounts for 40% of the total body weight

A

intracellular fluid

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12
Q

the ______ accounts for the 20% of the body weight

divided into the blood plasma (1/4 of ECF) and interstitial fluid (3/4) of ECF

A

extracellular fluid

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13
Q

fluids found in synovial joints, peritoneal, pericardial, intraocular spaces, and cerebrospinal fluid

considered to be a specialized type of ECF

constitute about 1-2 liters

A

transcellular ions

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14
Q

major substances in the extracellular fluid

(Na, Cl, Ca, HCO3)

A

sodium, chloride, calcium, bicarbonate

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15
Q

major substances in the intracellular fluid

(P, P, S, M, P)

A

potassium, phosphate, sulfate, magnesium, proteins

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16
Q

the cells are separated by _______________ which is also the capillary pores

allows water soluble substances to pass through in-and-out that pore to allow the exchange between the interstitial fluid and plasma

A

intercellular cleft

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17
Q

there is no problem with the exchange of ______________ because they can diffuse directly through the cell membrane without having to pass through the capillary pores

A

lipid soluble substances

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18
Q

exchange of water nutrients and other substances between the blood and interstitial fluid

A

diffusion

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19
Q

due to the weight of water pushing against a surface

force fluid and its dissolved substances through the capillary pores into interstitial space

A

hydrostatic forces

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20
Q

due to the attraction of water to larger molecules such as proteins (albumin)

also called plasma oncotic pressure

exerted by plasma proteins that are more abundant within the blood vessels than outside, this tends to attract water in from the interstitial space

A

osmotic pressure

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21
Q

4 primary forces that determine whether the fluid will move out of the blood into the interstitial fluid or in the opposite direction

which are:

capillary hydrostatic pressure
interstitial hydrostatic pressure
capillary plasma colloid osmotic pressure
interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure

A

starling’s forces

22
Q

tends to force fluid outward through the capillary membrane

30-40 mmHg (arterial ends)
10-15 mmHg (venous ends)

A

capillary hydrostatic pressure

23
Q

tends to force fluid inward through the capillary membrane when IFHP is positive but outward when IFHP is negative

an average interstitial fluid pressure in loose subcutaneous tissues is about 3mmHg

A

interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure

24
Q

tends to cause osmosis of fluid inward through the capillary membrane

Average COP in normal human plasma = 28 mmHg
Dissolved proteins = 19 mmHg
Donnan effect = 9 mmHg

A

capillary plasma colloid osmotic pressure

25
Q

additional osmotic pressure caused by the presence of potassium, sodium and other cations held by plasma proteins

A

donnan effect

26
Q

tends to cause osmosis of fluid outward through the capillary membrane

about 8 mmHg

A

interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure

27
Q

difference between the pushing force - pulling forces

NFP = (CHP+IFOP) - (COP+IFHP)
NFP = pushing force - pulling force

A

net filtration pressure

28
Q

__________ value
there will be a net fluid filtration across the capillaries

pushing>pullling; filtration occurs

A

positive value of NFP

29
Q

__________ value
there will be a net fluid absorption from the interstitial spaces into the capillaries

pushing<pullling; absorption occurs

A

negative value of NFP

30
Q

determinant of fluid distribution between the ECF and ICF

moves water from one compartment to another

water transfers from dilute to concentrated compartment

A

osmosis

31
Q

osmolal (solute) concentration of a solution expressed as osmoles per Kg of water (Osm/kg)

A

osmolality

32
Q

it is the solute concentration relative to the amount of water, expressed as (Osm/L), osmoles of solute per liter of solvent

A

osmolarity

33
Q

water is confined to a particular body compartment whereas sodium is largely confined to the ECF and this is maintained by the ______________

A

sodium/potassium ATPase pump

34
Q

ECF osmolarity and sodium concentration regulation are closely associated because the major extracellular cation is ________________

A

sodium

35
Q

the ______________ is the center for the mechanisms that regulate body fluids

A

hypothalamus

36
Q

______ and _______– control the regulation of ECF osmolarity and body fluid volumes

A

ADH and Aldosterone

37
Q

found in the hypothalamus

trigger ADH production in response to
1. dehydration due to water loss or lack of fluid intake
2. relative dehydration: no overall loss of water content but there is gain of sodium ions

common denominator: increased plasma osmolarity

A

osmoreceptors

38
Q

found in the atria of the heart, pulmonary vein and artery

messages are relayed to the hypothalamus via the vagus nerve

ADH secretion
stimulated by reduction of around 8-10% from the normal body volume water

A

baroreceptors

39
Q

steroid hormones secreted by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex

decreases urinary Na excretion in response to reduced ECF volume by increase Na reabsorption in the renal tubules at the expense of potassium and hydrogen ions

A

aldosterone

40
Q

polypeptide hormone secreted by the right atrium of the heart

its physiologic is the opposite of aldosterone

increases urine sodium excretion in response to increased ECF volume

A

atrial natriuretic peptide

41
Q

__________ center in the hypothalamus

connected to the response of the osmoreceptors -> increased plasma osmolarity stimulates osmoreceptors which in turn stimulates sensation of thirst

degree of dryness of mucosal linings of mouth and pharynx and stretch receptors of GIT

A

thirst response

42
Q

effects of different solute concentration on cell volume

A

tonicity

43
Q

occurs when there is insufficient fluid in all of the components

occurs when water water input is less than water loss

A

dehydration

44
Q

leads to fluid accumulation in the tissues particularly in the interstitial compartment

may result from underproduction of urine

A

overhydration

45
Q

hypotonic contraction of ECF
fluid has fewer solutes than normal plasma
relatively uncommon

causes:
heat stroke, exhaustion

A

hypotonic dehydration

46
Q

isotonic contraction of ECF
fluid has the same osmolarity as normal plasma
most common form of dehydration

causes:
diuretic therapy, excessive vomiting ,excessive urine loss, hemorrhage, decreased fluid intake

A

isotonic dehydration

47
Q

hypertonic contraction of the ECF
ECF has more solutes than normal plasma
second most common type of dehydration

causes:
diabetes insipidus, diabetic ketoacidosis, watery diarrhea, iatrogenic: prolonged NPO, tube feedings with inadequate amount of water

A

hypertonic dehydration

48
Q

hypotonic expansion of the ECF

causes:
too much IV D5W
tap water enemas
psychogenic cause: excessive drinking of plain water

A

hypotonic overhydration

49
Q

isotonic expansion of the ECF
rarely happens in persons with normal heart and kidneys

causes:
over administration of IV isotonic fluids
excessive saline enemas

A

isotonic overhydration

50
Q

hypertonic expansion of the ECF

causes:
over administration of hypertonic IV fluids
hypertonic tube feedings
ingestion of sea water

A

hypertonic overhydration

BIOCHEMISTRY (40 decks)

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