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Food Intake Regulation Flashcards

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1
Q

Where are the neuronal control centers for feeding and satiety?

A

Hypothalamus

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2
Q

What are the main neuronal control center nuclei in the hypothalamus that control feeding and satiety behaviors?

A

Arcuate nucleus

Paraventricular nucleus

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3
Q

In general, neurons from ______ are sent to synapse to neurons in _______

A

Arcuate nucleus neurons are sent to synapse to neurons in the paraventricular nucleus

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4
Q

What pathway tries to decrease food intake and increase energy expenditure?

A

Anorexigenic pathway

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5
Q

What pathway tries to increase food intake and decrease energy expenditure?

A

Orexigenic pathway

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6
Q

For the anorexigenic pathway, what type of neurons are used in the arcuate nucleus?

A

Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons

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7
Q

What do POMC neurons release at their synapse?

A

Alpha-MSH

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8
Q

POMC neurons release Alpha-MSH to what receptor?

A

MCR-4

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9
Q

For the orexigenic pathway, what type of neurons are used in the arcuate nucleus?

A

AGRP/NPY neurons

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10
Q

What do AGRP/NPY neurons release at their synapse?

A 
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) OR
AGRP
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11
Q

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) binds to what receptor?

A

Y1R

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12
Q

AGRP binds to what receptor?

A

It is an ANTAGONIST for MCR-4

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13
Q

The anorexigenic pathway and the orexigenic pathway try to antagonize each other. Explain the ways they do so.

A
  1. POMC neurons can release Alpha-MSH to NPY/AGRP neurons
  2. NPY/AGRP neurons can release NPY to POMC neurons
  3. AGRP can try to bind the MCR-4 receptor at the paraventricular neurons so that POMC neurons cannot have Alpha-MSH bind them
  4. Stimuli that activate one pathway will also try and inhibit the other pathway
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14
Q

What kind of stimuli will activate the Anorexigenic pathway?

A

Leptin
Insulin
CCK

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15
Q

What kind of stimuli will activate the Orexigenic pathway?

A

Ghrelin

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16
Q

If the Anorexigenic pathway is activated, what is the end result?

A

Decreased food intake

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17
Q

If the orexigenic pathway is activated, what is the end result?

A

Increased food intake

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18
Q

Describe the Anorexigenic pathway

A
  1. Leptin, Insulin, CCK activate POMC neuron in the arcuate nucleus
  2. POMC neuron travels to the paraventricular nucleus
  3. POMC releases Alpha-MSH
  4. Alpha-MSH binds to MCR-4 receptor
  5. Paraventricular neuron signals for decreased food intake
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19
Q

Describe the Orexigenic pathway

A
  1. Ghrelin activates NPY/AGRP neuron in the arcuate nucleus
  2. NPY/AGRP neuron travels to the paraventricular nucleus
  3. NPY/AGRP releases NPY (neuropeptide Y)
  4. NPY binds to Y1R receptor
  5. Paraventricular neuron signals for increased food intake
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20
Q

What are 4 GENETIC causes of obesity?

A
  1. Prader-willi syndrome
  2. Leptin deficiency
  3. POMC neuron deficiency
  4. MCR-4 mutation
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21
Q

Prader-willi syndrome is caused from?

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A

Partial deletion of chromosome 15 OR

Loss of paternally expressed genes

22
Q

Mutations in ____ pathway may cause obesity

23
Q

What components of the Anorexigenic pathway can have mutations that lead to obesity?

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A

POMC neuron and MCR-4 receptor

24
Q

The _____ nerve is also important in controlling feeding behavior and metabolism

25
Where do the vagal afferents project?
Nucleus Tractus Solitarius
26
Vagal signaling to the NTS is integrated with information received by the hypothalamus to?
Produce appropriate feeding behavior and metabolic responses
27
_____ can also regulate food intake even in absence of higher center's input
Hindbrain
28
If vagal activity is BLOCKED, what happens?
Amount of material in the stomach NO longer influences meal size!
29
What secretes Ghrelin and what does it bind to?
Stomach endocrine cells | GHSR
30
Ghrelin stimulates release of _____
NPY
31
What is the main hormone that initiates the feeding response?
Ghrelin
32
Effects of Ghrelin
Increased appetite, GI motility and GI acid secretion
33
What secretes Insulin and what does it bind to?
Beta cells in the pancreas | POMC AND NPY systems
34
Insulin effects on the POMC and NPY systems
(+) POMC | (-) NPY
35
Effects of insulin
Increased metabolism and decreased appetite
36
With what disease were the insulin effects seen to be true?
Type 1 Diabetes - No insulin = increased appetite - normal insulin = decreased appetite
37
What secretes CCK and what does it act on?
I cells in the duodenum | Acts on the Vagal-NTS-hypothalamic circuit
38
Effects of CCK
Elicits satiety | Decreased Ghrelin and gastric emptying
39
What secretes PYY and what does it bind to?
L cells in the ileum and colon | Y2R receptor in hypothalamus
40
Effects of PYY
(-) NPY neurons
41
What secretes Leptin and what does it bind to?
Adipose tissue | POMC and NPY systems
42
Effects of Leptin
Decreased appetite and ghrelin | Increased metabolism
43
Normally, obesity in humans is associated with what type of leptin levels?
HIGH = leptin resistance!
44
_____ signals long term regulation of energy balance
Adipose
45
______ modulate food intake on a meal - by - meal basis
Gut peptides
46
What are 5 other hormones that DECREASE food intake?
``` GLP-1 Glucagon Pancreatic Polypeptide Amylin Oxyntomodulin ```
47
Anorexia Nervosa
Self-starvation and weight loss | - possibly due to polymorphisms in genes involved in eating attitudes and behaviors
48
What may be a factor in diet restriction for anorexia nervosa?
Ghrelin resistance
49
Levels of PYY are ______ with anorexia nervosa
Increased
50
What other unrelated hormones can be decreased due to anorexia nervosa?
Leptin TSH/T3 Testosteron/Estrogen
51
What other hormones can be increased due to anorexia nervosa?
Ghrelin PYY Cortisol

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