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GIGU > Gut Immunology > Flashcards

Gut Immunology Flashcards

(57 cards)

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1
Q

What is Microbiota?

A

Microorganisms at a particular site

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2
Q

The microbiota in the intestines influences the result of either _______ or ________

A

Symbiosis or Dysbiosis

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3
Q

What is Symbiosis?

A

Immune tolerance, homeostasis and healthy metabolism

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4
Q

What is Dysbiosis?

A

Immune, intestinal and metabolic disease

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5
Q

What is GALT?

A

Gut-associated lymphoid tissue

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6
Q

What does GALT consist of?

A

Peyer’s patches and isolated lymphoid tissue (ILT)

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7
Q

What is critical for the development of GALT?

A

Microbiota and immune system cross talk

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8
Q

When does GALT finish developing in a human?

A

After birth and after exposure to bacteria

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9
Q

What in turn regulates the microbiota?

A

GALT and ILT once they are developed

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10
Q

AMPs (antimicrobial peptides) contribute to?

A

Mucosal host defense in the GI tract

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11
Q

What type of AMP functions in innate immunity?

A

Defensins

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12
Q

What type of cells influence production of AMPs?

A

Enterocytes, paneth cells and colonocytes

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13
Q

What will you find in the outer mucous layer of the intestinal epithelium?

A

Bacteria

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14
Q

What will you find in the inner mucous layer of the intestinal epithelium?

A

AMPs
Mucin
Secretory IgAs (SIgA)

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15
Q

Job of secretory IgAs?

A

Control a peaceful bacteria - host environment

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16
Q

The inner mucous layer is _____ to bacteria due to _____

A

IMPERMEABLE to bacteria due to Defensins!

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17
Q

If bacteria penetrates the inner mucous layer and the epithelium, it will be picked up by?

A

Dendritic cells

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18
Q

Describe the adaptive immune system that takes over if bacteria is picked up by dendritic cells in the intestines

A
  • The DC will take the bacteria to a mesenteric lymph node and present it to a naive T cell
  • As the T cell begins to differentiate, stromal cells will release TGFbeta to them
  • This combined with little cytokines being released results in the naive T cell differentiating into a Treg cell
  • Tregs will suppress the immune response, keeping it local and not involve systemic circulation!
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19
Q

What 3 things can have major effects on the gut microbiota?

A

Changes in diet
Environmental factors
Genetics

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20
Q

Changes in diet or environmental factors may cause?

A

Dysbiosis - inflammation and immune dysregulation

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21
Q

SCFAs

A

Short chain fatty acids

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22
Q

Give 3 examples of SCFAs

A

Acetic acid
Butyric acid
Propionic acid

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23
Q

What produces SCFAs?

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A

Bacteria fermenting undigested dietary carbohydrates

24
Q

Why are SCFAs important?

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A

Stimulate production of mucous AND

support effective IgA mediated response to gut pathogens

25
What is food tolerance?
No response to ingested food antigens
26
A large number of lymphocytes will have receptors for self and for food. NORMALLY how are deleterious immune responses prevented?
Central tolerance | - Developing T/B cells are eliminated in the thymus or bone marrow if they are found to be self reactive
27
Since intestinal antigens NEVER reach the thymus, central tolerance will not protect against such Ags. How does our body ensure food tolerance?
PERIPHERAL tolerance = ORAL tolerance!
28
3 main things that control the oral tolerance?
Macrophages Dendritic cells T Reg cells
29
What is oral tolerance?
The extra layers of peripheral tolerance against food antigens so that a deleterious immune response is not initiated because of lack of central tolerance
30
2 types of food adverse reactions
1. Non-immune-mediated | 2. Immune-mediated
31
Non-immune mediated food adverse reaction means?
Absence of an enzyme needed to fully digest the food (food tolerance)
32
Immune-mediated food adverse reaction means?
Specific immune response that occurs on exposure to a given food (food allergy)
33
What is the most common type of immune-mediated food adverse reaction?
Type 1 hypersensitivity
34
Type 1 hypersensitivity is an immune response mediated by?
IgE
35
If _____ is broken, you may end up with a food allergy
Oral tolerance
36
Describe the order of events for an IgE-mediated food allergy
1. Primary (first) exposure to allergen - Adaptive immune response makes IgE - IgE enters circulation and bound to mast cells 2. Subsequent exposure to allergen - IMMUNE RESPONSE
37
Systemic immune response mediated by?
Histamine
38
Local immune response mediated by?
PAF and Serotonin
39
Systemic immune response leads to?
Anaphylaxis
40
Local immune response leads to?
Diarrhea
41
T reg cells produce ________ that may inhibit mast cell activity and reduce IgE synthesis
IL-10 and TGFbeta
42
For a food allergy, what cell type activation is bad?
Mast cell
43
Vitamins ___ and ___ and folate _____ inflammatory response
A and D suppress response
44
______ promotes inflammation
High fat diet
45
Best ways to test for Type 1 hypersensitivity to food allergens?
Skin prick test and HISTORY
46
What is an example of an IgE-mediated allergy?
Wheat
47
____ may induce the immune response after ingesting wheat
Exercise
48
Describe how exercise or aspirin can cause an allergic attack?
Exercise or aspirin INCREASE absorption of undigested immuno-reactive allergies into circulation
49
What is an example of a non-IgE-mediated allergy?
Cow's milk
50
How long do non-IgE-mediated allergies take to show a reaction?
up to 48 hours
51
What is an example of a mixed IgE-mediated food allergy?
Peanuts
52
What 3 things are activated in a mixed IgE-mediated food allergy?
``` IgG1 IgE = main contributor ofcourse Complement activation (c3a) ```
53
What 2 molecules that are released from either macrophages and mast cells cause anaphylaxis?
PAF - macrophage release | Histamine - mast cell release
54
What is celiac disease?
Permanent sensitivity to GLUTEN
55
What genetic components MUST be present to diagnose celiac disease?
HLA-DQ2 AND DQ8
56
Serous autoantibodies present against _____ enzyme with celiac disease
TG2
57
In celiac disease gluten peptides are left ______
completely UNdigested

GIGU (29 decks)

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