Histo of Accessory organs of GI tract

Question 1

What are the 3 main digestive glands?

Answer 1

1. Main salivary glands
2. Exocrine Pancreas
3. Liver

Question 2

What are the functions of the secretory products of the 3 main digestive glands?

Answer 2

Lubricating
Protective
Digestion
Absorption

Question 3

What divides the salivary glands into lobes/lobules and is a route for neurovasculature?

Answer 3

Septa - CT

Question 4

Secretory cells are grouped into _____ in salivary glands

Answer 4

Acini

Question 5

What type of cells aid salivary gland acini in secretions?

Answer 5

Myoepithelial cells

Question 6

Describe how the secretory products are released from a salivary gland

Answer 6

1. Acini
2. Intercalated Duct
3. Striated Duct
4. Excretory Duct

Question 7

Salivary glands release their products via ducts, true or false?

Answer 7

TRUE

Question 8

What type of epithelium is found in the intercalated ducts of salivary glands?

Answer 8

Cuboidal

Question 9

What type of epithelium is found in the striated ducts of salivary glands?

Answer 9

Cuboidal to Columnar

Question 10

What type of epithelium is found in the excretory ducts of salivary glands?

Answer 10

Pseudostratified columnar or stratified cuboidal

Question 11

What are the 3 main salivary glands?

Answer 11

Parotid
Sublingual
Submandibular

Question 12

Products and attributes of a parotid gland

Answer 12

• Acini cells release a serous product
• DARK, intensely staining granules within cells
• • may have adipocytes (white)

Question 13

Products and attributes of a sublingual gland

Answer 13

• Acini cells release mostly a mucous product (has both serous and mucous though)
• PALE, faintly staining cells
• • lacks defined capsule

Question 14

Products and attributes of a submandibular gland

Answer 14

• Acini cells release mostly a serous product (has both serous and mucous though)
• SEROUS DEMILUNES

Question 15

What are serous demilunes and where will you find them?

Answer 15

Cluster of mucous secreting cells with a “hat” of serous secreting cells – looks like a white person wearing a bonnet!!
– Found in submandibular glands

Question 16

How do serous cells look on a histo image?

Answer 16

DARK, intensely staining

Question 17

How do mucous cells look on a histo image?

Answer 17

PALE, faintly staining

Question 18

In a serous demilune, describe its appearance on a histo image

Answer 18

Mucous base = pale
Serous hat = dark staining
– pale inner part with a cap of dark stain

Question 19

The pancreas has ______ function

Answer 19

Endocrine AND Exocrine

Question 20

The exocrine pancreas does what?

Answer 20

Secretes digestive enzymes

Question 21

The endocrine pancreas does what?

Answer 21

Secretes hormones for metabolism

Question 22

The functional unit of the exocrine pancreas is what?

Answer 22

SEROUS acini = dark staining

Question 23

The pancreatic acinar cells contain what type of granules and what do they possess?

Answer 23

Zymogen granules

- They possess many proenzymes to digest proteins/carbs/etc.

Question 24

What is unique about the intercalated ducts in the exocrine pancreas?

Answer 24

They begin within the acinus using centroacinar cells

Question 25

Describe the main characteristics of the exocrine pancreas on a histo image

Answer 25

Darkly staining pancreatic acinar cells (serous) | - Lightly staining centroacinar cells within the acinus that begin the intercalated ducts

Question 26

The zymogen granules of the pancreatic acinar cells can do what based on diet?

Answer 26

Increase synthesis of either proteases or amylases based on intake of either more protein or more carbs

Question 27

How can you distinguish the endocrine pancreas?

Answer 27

LIGHTLY staining islets

Question 28

List the cell types and what they produce in the endocrine pancreas

Answer 28

``` alpha = glucagon beta = insulin delta = somatostatin PP = pancreatic polypeptide ```

Question 29

How are hepatocytes arranged in the liver?

Answer 29

Arranged into cords

Question 30

Function of hepatocytes?

Answer 30

Produce bile, metabolism, storage

Question 31

3 ways to look at a liver structure?

Answer 31

Hepatic lobule Portal lobule Liver acinus

Question 32

Where do hepatocytes secrete bile?

Answer 32

Bile canaliculus

Question 33

Where are bile canaliculi?

Answer 33

Between adjacent hepatocytes

Question 34

How do hepatocytes look on a histo image?

Answer 34

Large, polygonal with microvilli, large nuclei and cytoplasm stains eosinophilic

Question 35

Function of bile?

Answer 35

Fat absorption

Question 36

Describe the organization of a hepatic lobule

Answer 36

Hepatocytes form irregular plates radiating from a central vein - Sinusoids run in between plates of hepatocytes - Peripheral angles of each lobule contain a portal triad

Question 37

What will you find in the portal triad?

Answer 37

Arterial branch of hepatic artery Venule branch of hepatic portal vin Bile ductules (1-2)

Question 38

In the hepatic lobule, where does blood flow?

Answer 38

Toward the central vein

Question 39

In the hepatic lobule, where does bile flow?

Answer 39

Away from the central vein

Question 40

Describe the flow of bile

Answer 40

``` Bile canaliculi Canals of Hering Bile ductules Merge and enlarge R and L hepatic ducts ```

Question 41

What type of cells are in the canals of Hering?

Answer 41

Cuboidal = cholangiocytes

Question 42

Purpose of sinusoids?

Answer 42

Supply hepatocytes with portal and arterial blood

Question 43

What type of cells can be found in sinusoids and what is their job?

Answer 43

Kupffer cells - macrophages

Question 44

Where is the perisinusoidal space?

Answer 44

Between hepatocytes and sinusoidal epithelium

Question 45

Purpose of perisinusoidal space?

Answer 45

Creates space for exchange of materials between the blood and hepatocytes - increases surface area for microvilli too

Question 46

Where is the periportal space?

Answer 46

Between hepatocytes and the portal triad CT

Question 47

Purpose of the periportal space?

Answer 47

Collects excess fluid from the perisinusoidal space and drains it to lymphatics

Question 48

What type of cells may you find in the periportal space?

Answer 48

Ito cells - store fat and vitamin A

Question 49

What is the portal lobule?

Answer 49

Triangle between 3 adjacent central veins

Question 50

What does the portal lobule outline?

Answer 50

Drainage pathway for bile

Question 51

What is the liver/hepatic acinus?

Answer 51

Diamond shape occupying adjacent lobules with a sinusoid running down the middle

Question 52

What is the purpose of the liver acinus?

Answer 52

Shows zones where the most O2 and nutrients will be received (and toxins)

Question 53

What can the liver acinus explain?

Answer 53

Distribution of liver damage from ischemia (zone 3, far away from sinusoid) or from toxins (zone 1, adjacent to blood supply)

Question 54

Purpose of gallbladder?

Answer 54

Store bile

Question 55

What type of epithelial cells are located in the gallbladder?

Answer 55

Simple columnar

Question 56

The gallbladder has NO _______ and ______

Answer 56

Muscularis mucosae and submucosa

Question 57

The muscularis externa for the gallbladder is oriented how?

Answer 57

In ALL directions

Question 58

Rokitansky - Aschoff sinuses

Answer 58

Deep pockets of mucosa that extend to the muscularis externa in the gallbladder

Question 59

Rokitansky - Aschoff sinuses increase your risk for?

Answer 59

Gallstones

Question 60

Where can you find Rokitansky - Aschoff sinuses?

Answer 60

Gallbladder