GI Correlation Flashcards
1
Q
Acholic
A
White, clay colored stool due to absence of bile in GI tract
2
Q
Acute abdomen
A
Any serious acute intraabdominal condition where surgery is considered
3
Q
Cachexia
A
Malnutrition and general ill health
4
Q
Coffee-ground emesis
A
Blood that is separated within the gastric contents that takes the form of coffee-grounds in the acidic environment
5
Q
Colic
A
Acute abdominal pain
6
Q
Dyspepsia
A
Postprandial epigastric discomfort
7
Q
Dysphagia
A
Difficulty swallowing
8
Q
Esophagitis
A
Inflammation of esophagus
9
Q
ERCP
A
Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography
10
Q
Flatus
A
Fart - air in GI tract expelled through anus
11
Q
Gastritis
A
Inflammation of the stomach with histological/endoscopic features
12
Q
Guarding
A
Protective response in muscle resulting from pain or fear of movement
13
Q
Hematemesis
A
Vomiting blood
14
Q
Hematochezia
A
Passage of bright red blood in stools
15
Q
Icterus
A
= jaundice; yellowing of sclera in eyes and skin
16
Q
Melena
A
Dark, tarry stools
17
Q
Pneumobilia
A
Air/gas in the bile ducts/biliary system
18
Q
Pneumomediastinum
A
Air/gas in the mediastinum (between organs or cavities)
19
Q
Pneumoperitoneum
A
Air/gas in the peritoneal cavity
20
Q
UGIB
A
Upper Gastrointestinal Bleed
21
Q
Ulcer
A
Local excavation of tissue surface produced by shedding inflamed necrotic tissue
- extends through muscularis mucosae
22
Q
Ureterolithiasis
A
Stone from kidney making its way to bladder
23
Q
Virchow’s node
A
Palpable mass in LEFT supraclavicular/sternoclavicular fossa
24
Q
What are some red flag symptoms?
A
Persistent vomiting and abdominal pain
Dysphagia
Hematemesis
Melena
25
RUQ pain
Cholecystitis (gallbladder)
26
LUQ pain
Gastritis (stomach)
27
RLQ pain
Appendicitis
28
LLQ pain
Diverticulitis
29
Describe visceral pain
Stimulation of visceral pain fibers secondary to distention, stretching of hollow organs
- NOT well localized
30
Describe parietal pain
Stimulation of somatic pain fibers secondary to inflammation of parietal peritoneum
- WELL LOCALIZED
31
What type of pain is usually more severe?
Parietal pain
32
If someone presents with nausea and vomiting, what is the most important information to get?
History and appearance of vomit
| - Can be due to many causes
33
Oropharyngeal Dysphasia
Trouble initiating swallowing
| - can be due to muscular, neurologic, structural, metabolic disorders
34
Esophageal Dysphasia is usually due to?
Usually due to mechanical obstruction or motility disorder
35
Example of a motility disorder for esophageal dysphasia
Achalasia, spasm
36
Example of a mechanical obstruction for esophageal dysphasia
Schatzki ring, peptic stricture
| - Harder to swallow solids than liquids
37
What are the lab tests for a GI/Abdominal workup?
```
CBC
BMP
CMP
Urinalysis
Pregnancy test
Lipase/amylase
```
38
CBC
Complete blood count - number of different cells in blood
| - "with differential" includes % and counts of immune cells: PMN, lymphocytes, basophils, eosinophils and monocytes
39
BMP
Basal metabolic panel
| - main electrolyte values
40
CMP
Comprehensive metabolic panel
| - main electrolyte values and includes liver function molecules such as albumin and bilirubin
41
When looking for pancreatitis, what test is ordered?
Lipase/amylase
42
Types of plain film x-rays that can be ordered for GI pathology
AAS - acute abdominal screening
| KUB - kidney, ureter, bladder
43
AAS plain film is good for?
Initial screening and quick check for free air
44
Purpose of a barium swallow?
Differentiate between mechanical lesions and motility disorders for esophageal dysphagia
45
What is a barium study sensitive to?
Detecting subtle esophageal narrowings and lesions
46
EGD
Endoscopicgastroduodenoscopy (upper endoscopy)
| - direct visualization, biopsy of abnormalities and dilation of stricture
47
Colonoscopy
(lower endoscopy)
| - screening, lower GI bleed
48
What gives the most important info about abdominal pathology?
CT scan - can be with or without contrast
49
Ultrasound is good for?
Imaging fluid filled structures and trauma situations
50
ERCP can do what?
Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography
| - invasive way to visualize hepatobiliary and pancreatic ducts
51
MCRP shows?
Bile duct anatomy
52
HIDA
Hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid scan
53
Purpose of HIDA?
Checks for dysfunctional gallbladder
54
What are the main symptoms with GERD?
Heartburn (pyrosis) and reflux/regurgitation
55
How do you diagnose GERD?
Usually on symptoms alone or via upper endoscopy
56
PUD and symptoms
Peptic ulcer disease
| - Mostly asymptomatic, maybe pain in epigastric
57
What are the 2 major risk factors for PUD?
1. Helicobacter pylori
| 2. NSAIDS
58
What is the most common cause of UGIB?
PUD!!! Peptic ulcer disease
59
What is the most prevalent chronic bacterial disease known?
Helicobacter pylori
60
Helicobacter pylori produces _____
urease
61
Helicobacter pylori produces urease. What does urease do?
It hydrolyzes the urea in the gastric lumen to form ammonia
- Ammonia then neutralizes the gastric acid to form a protective cloud around the organism so it can continue to penetrate the gastric mucosa
62
Helicobacter pylori is associated with many GI pathologies. List some.
```
PUD
Gastritis
Duodenal ulcers
Gastric adenocarcinoma
MALT lymphoma
```
63
What is the mode of transmission for helicobacter pylori?
Unknown
64
How do you test for helicobacter pylori?
Urea breath test
| Fecal antigen test
65
Have to stop _______ medication 14 days before helicobacter pylori test so there is not a false negative
Proton pump inhibitor
66
What type of GI bleed is associated with an UGIB?
Melena
67
What type of GI bleed is associated with a LGIB?
Hematochezia
68
How can you tell if it is a UGIB or LGIB based on anatomical location?
ABOVE ligament of Treitz = UGIB
| BELOW ligament of Treitz = LGIB
69
Esophageal and gastric varices
Dilated submucosal veins resulting from portal hypertension - high mortality rate
70
Cholelithiasis
Gall stones
71
Cholecystitis
Inflammation of gallbladder usually due to stone in cystic duct
72
Common presentation for cholelithiasis/cholecystitis
Some asymptomatic;
| RUQ pain, worst after eating greasy foods
73
Choledocholithiasis
Gall stone stuck in the common bile duct so neither liver or gallbladder can drain
74
Ascending cholangitis
Inflammation of biliary tree (in liver)
75
Gallstone pancreatitis
Stone stuck in pancreatic duct = increased pancreas enzymes
76
Dysfunctional gallbladder
NO stone, just does not empty too well
77
Pancreatitis symptoms
Severe epigastric pain, nausea, vomiting, increased pancreatic enzymes in blood
78
Appendicitis
RLQ pain!!! Starts visceral then localizes
79
Diverticulitis
LLQ pain!!!
| - Erosion/perforation of colon wall
80
What does achalasia look like on a barium study?
Birds beak - enlarged esophagus but narrowed LES due to its inability to relax
81
What is a secondary cause of achalasia?
Chagas disease - parasite in mexico, south america
82
Parasymp. from esophagus to transverse colon
Vagus N.
83
Parasymp. from descending colon to rectum
Pelvic splanchnic N. (S2-S4)
84
Symp. innervation of esophagus
T2-T8
85
Symp. innervation of stomach
T5-T9
86
Symp. innervation of liver and gallbladder
T6-T9
87
Symp. innervation of small intestines
T5-T12
88
Symp. innervation of large intestines (colon)
T9-L1
89
Symp. innervation of pancreas
T5-T11
