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GIGU > Placenta and Fetal Membranes > Flashcards

Placenta and Fetal Membranes Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the fetal membranes?

A

Chorion
Amnion
Allantois
Umbilical vesicle

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2
Q

What makes up the fetal part of the placenta?

A

Chorionic sac - villous chorion

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3
Q

What makes up the maternal part of the placenta?

A

Derived from endometrium - decidua basalis

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4
Q

What is the outermost fetal membrane?

A

Chorionic sac

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5
Q

What occurs at the placenta?

A

Exchange of nutrients and oxygen between maternal and fetal bloodstreams

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6
Q

What connects the placental circulation with the fetal circulation?

A

Vessels in the umbilical cord

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7
Q

What are the parts of the Decidua?

A
  1. Decidua Basalis
  2. Decidua Capsularis
  3. Decidua Parietalis
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8
Q

What is the Decidua?

A

Functional layer of the endometrium

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9
Q

Decidua Basalis location?

A

Forms deep to conceptus (embryo) = placenta

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10
Q

What portion of the Decidua forms the maternal part of the placenta?

A

Decidua Basalis

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11
Q

Decidua Capsularis location?

A

Superficial and overlies the conceptus (embryo) = chorion

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12
Q

Decidua Parietalis location?

A

Remaining parts of the decidua = walls of uterus

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13
Q

During implantation, the trophoblast layer differentiates into what 2 layers?

A

Cytotrophoblasts (inner layer)

Syncytiotrophoblasts (outer layer)

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14
Q

What layer of cells displaces the decidual cells of the endometrium?

A

Syncytiotrophoblasts

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15
Q

Lacunae

A

Spaces that appear in the syncytiotrophoblasts that will fill with blood and secretions and eventually fuse
- diffusion of oxygen and nutrients here until actual circulation is formed!

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16
Q

What makes up the chorionic sac?

A

Extraembryonic somatic mesoderm
Cytotrophoblasts
Syncytiotrophoblasts

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17
Q

What is the amnion?

A

Membrane that surrounds embryo and amniotic fluid

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18
Q

What will the amnion eventually do and form?

A

Obliterate the chorionic cavity and form epithelial covering of the umbilical cord

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19
Q

What is the function of amniotic fluid?

A

Cushion and protect fetus and permit fetal movements

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20
Q

Does the volume of amniotic fluid increase as gestation continues?

A

Yes; should be around 700-1000 mL by week 37

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21
Q

Polyhydramnios

(include fetus and mother signs)

A

EXCESS amniotic fluid

  • Fetus symptoms = CNS abnormalities
  • Mother symptoms = breathlessness, pain, swelling, bloating
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22
Q

Oligohydramnios

(include fetus and mother signs)

A

Insufficient amniotic fluid (<400 mL)

  • Fetus symptoms = anomalies like renal agenesis, not permitted to move very much
  • Mother symptoms = abnormal placenta or HBP
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23
Q

The cytotrophoblasts proliferate towards the endometrium starting from where?

A

Chorionic plate

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24
Q

The cytotrophoblasts extend through what and attach to what?

A

Extend through syncytiotrophoblasts

Attach to decidua basalis

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25
As the cytotrophoblasts proliferate and extend towards the decidua basalis, what will they form surrounding the chorionic sac?
Cytotrophoblastic shell
26
Once the cytotrophoblastic shell is formed, what is created beneath it?
Intervillous space
27
What flows in the intervillous space at week 11-14?
Maternal blood
28
The intervillous space is also a continuation of?
Lacunae network
29
What span the intervillous space?
Chorionic villi
30
What fuse to form the placenta?
Villous chorion and decidua basalis
31
Decidual erosions produce placental septa. What do the septa divide?
Villous chorion into irregular areas
32
Once the placental septa divide the villous chorion into irregular areas, what are those areas called?
Cotyledons
33
What do villi associated with the decidua capsularis become?
Compressed and degenerate to form the | = Smooth Chorion
34
What do villi associated with the decidua basalis become?
Villi branch extensively to form bushy area known as | = Villous Chorion
35
Primary chorionic villi
Cytotrophoblasts grow into syncytiotrophoblasts
36
Secondary chorionic villi
Extraembyronic mesoderm grows into primary villi
37
Tertiary chorionic villi
Extraembryonic mesoderm differentiates into capillaries and blood vessels
38
Main stem villi
Extend from chorionic plate
39
Branch villi
Extend off the main stem villi and increase surface area
40
What type of villi make up the location where the main exchange occurs between fetus and mother?
Branch villi
41
Anchoring villi
Villi that attach to maternal tissues through the cytotrophoblastic shell
42
Cotyldeons have what type of villi?
At least 2+ main stem villi and multiple branch villi
43
As the embryo grows, what decidua layer bulges into the uterine cavity?
Decidua capsularis
44
What decidua layer will degenerate and allow the amnion and chorion to fuse?
Decidua capsularis
45
Once the amnion and chorion fuse, what is created and what will it fuse with?
Amniochoriotic membrane | It will fuse with the decidua parietalis on the opposite wall
46
After 20 weeks gestation, what in the villi degenerates?
Cytotrophoblasts
47
What things are NOT allowed to cross the placenta?
1. Protein hormones (ex. pituitary hormones) 2. Bacteria 3. Drugs with amino acid like structures
48
What makes up the umbilical cord?
Mucous tissue ("wharton's jelly") 2 umbilical arteries 1 umbilical vein Allantois proper
49
In the umbilical cord, the umbilical arteries contain what type of blood?
De-oxygenated
50
In the umbilical cord, the umbilical vein contains what type of blood?
Oxygenated
51
Connecting stalk covered with amnion makes?
Umbilical cord
52
Absence of an umbilical artery can result in?
Fetal anomalies and can impact labor outcomes
53
Placenta Previa
Placenta implants in lower uterine segment or cervix - often leads to serious 3rd trimester bleeding - Predisposure = prior placenta previa or C section
54
Placenta Accrete/a
Partial/complete absence of decidua and villous chorion adheres to myometrium - severe postpartum bleeding
55
Hydatidiform mole
Replacement of villi with dilated translucent vesicles
56
Partial mole
Portion of villi are edematous - FETAL TISSUE PRESENT - one ovum fertilized by 2 sperm
57
Complete mole
ALL villi are edematous - NO fetal tissue present - NO ovum, all DNA is PATERNAL
58
Invasive mole
Complete mole that penetrates uterine wall | - Increased hCG in blood
59
Gestational choriocarcinoma
Invasive metastatic tumor that arises from trophoblast cells | - Increased hCG
60
Dizygotic twins arise from ____ zygotes
2
61
Dizygotic (fraternal) twins likely have 2 of what?
2 chorions 2 amnions Possible 2 placentas
62
Monozygotic twins arise from _____ zygote
1
63
The earlier the split for monozygotic twins the?
More separate the membranes and placentas will be

GIGU (29 decks)

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