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Formation of Elements Flashcards

1
Q

How old is the universe?

A

13.7 billion years old

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2
Q

Since the cosmos began, a few of the
heavier elements in the universe were made when what occurred?

A

When Two neutron stars collided together and exploded with a mighty crash.

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3
Q

Since the cosmos began, what type of elements were created?

A

Heavier elements

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4
Q

What were the 2 lighter elements created during the big bang?

A

Hydrogen and Helium

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5
Q

What type of elements are Hydrogen and Helium?

A

Lighter Elements

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6
Q

Where does a living organism come from?

A

None living organisms

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7
Q

Life began on?

A

Water

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8
Q

What created microbes?

A

Natural Events

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9
Q

What collided during Natural Events?

A

Particles

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10
Q

Planets are considered?

A

Stars

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11
Q

What theory says we came from water?

A

Primordial Soup Theory

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12
Q

Elements are made of?

A

Atoms

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13
Q

Atoms are made of?

A

Protons, neutrons, and electrons

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14
Q

Elements up to what? Require the process of fusion deep within a star’s core.

A

Iron

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15
Q

Elements up to iron require the process of?

A

Fusion deep within a star’s core.

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16
Q

While
elements like ____________ needed
to be created by a SUPERNOVA. (Exploding
star)

A

gallium and bromine

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17
Q

gallium and bromine needed the event called?

A

SUPERNOVA

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18
Q

Needed the event called Supernova

A

gallium and bromine

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19
Q

SUPERNOVA is also know as

A

Exploding Star

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20
Q

And then other elements like and
uranium, which are the most neutron-rich
needed a process called?

A

RAPID NEUTRON
CAPTURE.

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21
Q

This element needs Rapid Neutron Capture

A

Uranium

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22
Q

This is where an atomic nucleus is
exposed to neutrons it bulges to an unstable size, yet the element doesn’t split due to the
the speed that this reaction takes place.

A

Rapid Neutron Capture

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22
Q

Explain Rapid Neutron Capture

A

This is where an atomic nucleus is
exposed to neutrons it bulges to an unstable size

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23
Q

Scientists have long believed that ___________ , the super-dense fragments of burned-
out stars, are needed to make this rapid
neutron capture happen.

A

neutron stars

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24
Is a type of nuclear reaction that targets a nucleus then it absorbs a neutron (uncharged particle), which then emits a huge amount of electromagnetic energy (gamma-ray photon).
Neutron capture
25
Neutron capture emits a huge amount of what?
gamma-ray photon or electromagnetic energy
26
The target nucleus and the product nucleus produce _______or forms of the same element.
isotopes
27
Thus ________ on undergoing neutron capture, turns into __________.
phosphorus-31, phosphorus-32
28
The heavier isotope that results may be __________, so that neutron capture, which occurs with almost any nucleus, is a common way of producing radioactive isotopes.
RADIOACTIVE
29
The heavier isotope that results may be RADIOACTIVE, so that neutron capture, which occurs with almost any nucleus, is a common way of producing ________.
Radioactive isotopes
30
The process by which elements are created within stars by combining the protons and neutrons from the nuclei of lighter elements is known as ____________
Stellar Nucleosynthesis.
31
The process by which elements are created within stars by combining the ______________ from the nuclei of lighter elements is known as Stellar Nucleosynthesis.
protons and neutrons
32
Make up all the atoms in the universe.
Hydrogen atoms
33
Happens inside the stars’ core as it converts hydrogen into helium, heat, and radiation.
The Fusion Reaction
34
Are made in different types of stars as they die or explode.
Heavier elements
35
Occurs In the debris ejected from a neutron star merger. The whole process takes about I second.
Rapid neutron capture process
36
Rapid neutron capture process takes how long?
1 seconds
37
Occurs in very old stars over minions of years. Elements are released into the universe at the end of the star's life.
Slow neutron capture process (s*process)
38
When are elements released during the S process?
At the end of the star's life.
39
As this __________ started to form in the early universe, there were some areas where it was heavier than in others.
hydrogen and helium
40
Is the creation of new atomic nuclei, the centers of atoms that are made up of protons and neutrons.
Nucleosynthesis
41
What made stars?
Nucleosynthesis
42
Happened to be at the right place and these atoms were pulled together into huge clouds of gas in the emptiness of space.
Gravity
43
As these clouds started to become large enough, they were attracted together by the force of gravity to cause the atomic nuclei to combine in a process called ____________
nuclear fusion.
44
The outcome of this fusion process is that the two one-proton atoms which have now formed a single two-proton atom. Simply, the two hydrogen atoms have turned into __________
one single helium atom.
45
The energy released during this reaction is what makes the sun (or any other star) to burn immediately and even helium (with nuclei containing 2 protons) formed shortly thereafter a process called the?
Big Bang Nucleosynthesis.
46
As the star cools, protons and neutrons can fuse to form heavier atomic nuclei
Nucleosynthesis
47
Nucleosynthesis occured after how many minutes, after the big bang?
3 Minutes
48
Once amount Of ____________ has formed the heavier elements form Very fast All ____________ reactions involve strong nuclear forces. large Cross sections and high reaction rates Reactions proceed quickly to Helium
post-Deuterium
49
_________________ create heavy elements.
Stellar nucleosynthesis and nuclear fusion
50
The combustion of helium to create denser elements then continues for about ___________
1 million years.
51
Is a set of nuclear fusion reactions by which three helium-4 nuclei are transformed into carbon.
triple-alpha process
52
This process fuses helium with carbon to make denser elements, but only those with an even number of protons. The combinations go in this order:
alpha process
53
was an English physicist who showed that the atomic number which is the number of protons in an atom, determines most of the properties of an element.
Henry Gwyn-Jeffreys Moseley
54
Henry Gwyn-Jeffreys Moseley was an English physicist who showed that the _______________ which is the number of protons in an atom,
atomic number
55
He utilized ______________ to identify the atomic number of an element. He used a beam of electrons to various elements and measured their X-ray spectral lines.
X-ray spectroscopy
56
His results clearly showed that the frequency of the X-rays given off by an element was mathematically related to the position of that element in the _______________
Periodic table.
57
His results clearly showed that the frequency of the X-rays given off by an element was mathematically related to the position of that element in the _______________
Periodic table.
58
These spaces matched to the atomic numbers 43, 61, 85, and 87. These elements were later created in the laboratory through ________
nuclear transmutations.
59
In __________ performed a nuclear transmutation process involving the transmutation of one element or isotope into a different element.
1919, Ernest Rutherford
60
Ernest Rutherford bombarded _________ directed to the _________.
alpha particles from radium, nitrogen nuclei.
61
He showed that the _________ reacted to the alpha particles to form _____.
nitrogen nuclei, oxygen nuclei
62
So, instead of using fastmoving alpha particles in synthesizing new elements, atomic nuclei are often bombarded with neutrons (neutral particles) using _________________
particle accelerators.
63
is an instrument that is used to speed up the flow of protons to overpower the repulsion between the protons and the target atomic nuclei using magnetic and electrical fields.
particle accelerator
64
It is used to synthesize new elements.
particle accelerator
65
________________ discovered an element with atomic number 85.
Dale Corson, K. Mackenzie, and Emilio Segre
66
They bombarded atoms of ____________ (Z=83) with fast-moving alpha particles in a cyclotron.
bismuth
67
Is a particle accelerator that utilizes alternating electric fields to speed up particles that move in a circular path in the presence of a magnetic field.
Cyclotron
68
Was named astatine from the Greek word “___________” which means _______.
Element-85, astatos, unstable
69
At the end of 1940__________was created by Seaborg, McMillan, Kennedy, and Wahl.
, element-94
70
At the end of 1940, element-94 was created by ___________________
Seaborg, McMillan, Kennedy, and Wahl.
71
They exposed uranium with _______ (particles composed of a proton and a neutron) in a cyclotron.
deuterons
72
Element-94 was named ___________
plutonium.
73
Elements with atomic numbers greater than 92 (atomic number of uranium) are called _________
trans uranium elements.
74
therefore, neptunium and plutonium are _________
trans uranium elements.
75
What are the molecular geometry shapes?
Linear Bent Trigonal Planar Tetrahedral

2nd Semester (48 decks)

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