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2nd Semester > Statistics and Probability Full Blown Reviewer > Flashcards

Statistics and Probability Full Blown Reviewer Flashcards

1
Q

“STATISTICS” comes from the Italian word
“_______” which means “______”.

A

stato which means state

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2
Q

Comes from the Italian word
“stato” which means “state”.

A

STATISTICS

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3
Q

In the early times if someone works with
statistics he/she concerns him/herself with
_________________

A

government affairs.

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4
Q

The word statistics first appeared in print in the
book by ___________ entitled, “Abriss
statswissen der heutigen vornehmsten
europaishen Reiche und Republiken” in 1979.

A

Gottfried Achenwall

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5
Q

During this time statistics was simply a
______________________ like
numbers of deaths, births, causes of death, etc.

A

collection of data on government records

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6
Q

In the early day-day statistics, data were ____________________
This is because the theory of probability was
not yet considered part in the analysis of data.

A

not
utilized to predict future events nor data were
analyzed in relation with other sets of data.

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7
Q

The term __________________ , in layman’s terms, is the degree of
likelihood for an event to happen.

A

Probability

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8
Q

The concise mathematical computation on this degree falls
under the ____________

A

theory of probability.

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9
Q

The theory of probability has its beginnings during the time of
___________

A

Cardano in 1525.

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10
Q

In 1654, a certain__________ asked an intriguing
question that deals with probability which provoked the fertile
minds of ____________

A

Chevalier de Mere, Blaise Pascal and Pierre de Fermat.

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11
Q

A certain Dutch mathematician ____________
also worked on the posed by Chevalier.

A

Christiaan Huygens

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12
Q

The science of collecting, analyzing,
presenting, and interpreting data.

A

Statistics,

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13
Q

Statistics is the science of collecting, analyzing,
presenting, and interpreting _____.

A

Data

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14
Q

Governmental
needs for __________ as well as information
about a variety of economic activities provided
much of the early__________ for the field of statistics.

A

census data, impetus

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15
Q
  • is the field of statistics that focuses on
    quantitatively description of a collection of data.
A

Descriptive statistics

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16
Q

-It is usually used to define the basic characteristics
of the data in a study.

A

Descriptive statistics

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17
Q
  • It is used to make conclusions of the
    probability that a difference between samples is
    either reliable or by chance.
A

Inferential statistics

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18
Q
  • Inferential statistics, conclusions are being
    formulated from the direct data.
A

Inferential statistics

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19
Q

a whole population while a
statistics described a sample of a given population.

A

Parameter

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20
Q

are all the information of a given
population and this is something that is hard to
determine since it requires a lot of time, resource and
skills.

A

-parameters

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21
Q

is a measure of “types” and may be
represented in terms of characteristics, names or symbols.

A

Qualitative data

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22
Q

is a measured of “values”, or “counts”
and expressed in numerical values.

A

Quantitative data

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23
Q

*Basically qualitative data answer the question “__________”
while quantitative answers the question “________________”.

A

what, how many

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24
Q

Measure of “types” and may
be represented by names or
symbols

A

QUALITATIVE DATA

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25
Q

Describes individuals or
objects by their categories or
groups

A

QUALITATIVE DATA

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26
Q

Answer the question “what
type”

A

QUALITATIVE DATA

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27
Q

Measure of “values” or
“counts” and expressed in
numbers

A

QUANTITATIVE DATA

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28
Q

Operations such as addition
and averaging make sense

A

QUANTITATIVE DATA

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29
Q

Answer the questions “how
many”, “how much”

A

QUANTITATIVE DATA

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30
Q

Data are in original form.

A

Raw data

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31
Q

Data collected is already arranged
in certain pattern such as in ascending or
descending order.

A

Array data

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32
Q

ARE THE
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
INDIVIDUAL TO BE OBSERVED OR
MEASURED.

A

VARIABLES

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33
Q

Called the
predictor variable.

A

Independent Variable

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34
Q

Called the criterion
variable.

A

Dependent Variable

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35
Q

variables that can be expressed in
decimals.

A

Continuous Variables

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36
Q

Variables that cannot be
expressed in decimals.

A

Discrete or Discontinuous Variables

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37
Q

Data that consist of names,
labels, or categories only

The data cannot be
arranged in an ordering
scheme

numbers or symbols are
used to classify an object
or person to identify the
group they belong

Examples:

Gender (Male and Female

Nationality (Filipino,
American, Japanese)

A

NOMINAL SCALE

38
Q

Data contains the properties of nominal level.
The data can be arranged in an ordering scheme or ranked.
The difference between the values of the data cannot be determined. The interval is meaningless.

A

ORDINAL SCALE

39
Q

Data contain the properties of ordinal level.
Data values can be ranked.
The difference between the values of the data are of known sizes.
The interval between the values has meaning.
The “zero” does not imply the absence of characteristics.
The ratio of data values are meaningless.

A

Interval scale

40
Q

Data contain the properties of interval level.
The “zero” indicates the absence of the characteristics under consideration.
The ratio of data values has meaning.

A

Ratio scale

41
Q

The branch of mathematics that deals
with uncertainty is the _____________

A

theory of
probability.

42
Q
  • well-defined results.
A

EXPERIMENTS

43
Q

If the set of all outcomes of an experiment is the

A

sample space or probability space

44
Q

then an event is a subset of the

A

sample space

45
Q

Formula for probability?

A

P(E) = (𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡)/(𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒)

46
Q

Methods of data collection:

A

Observation, interview, Questionaire, and Database

47
Q

Five Most Common Methods in Collecting Data

A

1) Direct Method
2) Indirect Method
3) Registration Method
4) Observation Method
5) Experimental Method

48
Q

Are data collected directly by the researcher himself.

A

PRIMARY DATA

49
Q

First hand or original sources

A

PRIMARY DATA

50
Q

are information taken from published and unpublished materials previously gathered by other researchers or agencies such as book, newspaper, magazine, journals, published and unpublished thesis and dissertations.

A

SECONDARY DATA

51
Q

“interview method”

A

Direct Method

52
Q

done through a direct and personal contact of the researcher with the person from whom data will be collected

A

Direct Method

53
Q

“questionnaire method”

A

Indirect Method

54
Q
  • Executed through the use of either online questionnaire or paper form questionnaire distributed to groups of people.
A

Indirect Method

55
Q
  • Done through the gathering of data from concerned offices.
A

Registration Method

56
Q
  • Done through the gathering of data from concerned offices.
A

Registration Method

57
Q

Purely based on the subjective remarks of the observer.

A

Observation Method

58
Q
  • It is applicable to data pertaining to attitude, behavior, and values of individuals.
A

Observation Method

59
Q
  • It is applicable to data pertaining to attitude, behavior, and values of individuals.
A

Observation Method

60
Q

The method that determines the cause and effect relationships of a certain parameter or event under a controlled condition.

A

Experimental Method

61
Q
  • This method is usually used by researchers in the field of sciences.
A

Experimental Method

62
Q

The complete set of individuals or subject.

A

POPULATION

63
Q

Is just a representative of the whole population.

A

SAMPLE

64
Q

This sampling technique also called the Simple Random Sampling

A

PROBABILITY SAMPLING

65
Q

Probability sampling technique also called?

A

the Simple Random Sampling

66
Q

Are randomly picked

A

The samples

67
Q

Each member of the population has an equal chance of being picked as part of the sample.

A

PROBABILITY SAMPLING

68
Q

often times used when the population to be considered is too large.

A

Restricted Random Sampling

69
Q

The selection of sample is done by picking every 𝑘^𝑡ℎ element of the population.

A

a. Systematic Sampling

70
Q

Is a process or activity that generates data

A

STATISTICAL EXPERIMENT

71
Q

is an organized record of
measurements arranged in columns and
rows.

A

Data Set

72
Q

is the set/collection of all possible outcomes in an
experiment.

A

SAMPLE SPACE

73
Q

is a collection of one or more outcomes of an
experiment.

A

Event

74
Q

is a function that
associates a real number to each element in
the sample space. It is a variable whose
values are determined by chance.

A

Random Variable

75
Q

It is a variable whose
values are determined by chance.

A

Random Variable

76
Q

EVERY UNIT HAS A ‘CHANCE’ OF BEING SELECTED,
AND THAT CHANCE CAN BE QUANTIFIED.

A

PROBABILITY SAMPLING

77
Q

EVERY ITEM IN A POPULATION DOES NOT HAVE AN
EQUAL CHANCE OF BEING SELECTED.

A

NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING

78
Q

INVOLVES THE SELECTION OF A
SAMPLE FROM A POPULATION, BASED ON THE PRINCIPLE
OF RANDOMIZATION OR CHANCE.

A

PROBABILITY SAMPLING

79
Q

IS MORE COMPLEX, MORE
TIME-CONSUMING AND USUALLY MORE COSTLY THAN
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING

A

PROBABILITY SAMPLING

80
Q

TO PREVENT THE POSSIBILITY OF A BIAS OR ERRONEOUS INFERENCE, A
RANDOM SAMPLING IS COMMONLY RECOMMENDED.

A

SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING

81
Q

UNDER THE CONCEPT OF RANDOMNESS, EACH MEMBER OF THE
POPULATION HAS AN EQUAL CHANCE TO BE INCLUDED IN THE SAMPLE
GATHERED.

A

SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING

82
Q

THE ITEMS OR INDIVIDUALS ARE ARRANGED IN SOME WAY- ALPHABETICALLY OR OTHER SORT.

A

SYSTEMATIC RANDOM SAMPLING

83
Q

A RANDOM STARTING POINT IS SELECTED; AND THEN EVERY 𝑘^𝑡ℎmember will be the succeeding samples.

A

SYSTEMATIC RANDOM SAMPLING

84
Q

A population is first divided into subsets based on homogeneity called strata.

A

Stratified random sampling

85
Q

A population is first divided into subsets based on homogeneity called what?

A

strata

86
Q

the strata are internally homogeneous as possible and at the same time each stratum is different from one another as much as possible.

A

Stratified random sampling

87
Q

In stratified random sampling, the strata are internally homogeneous as possible and at the same time each _______________ is different from one another as much as possible.

A

stratum

88
Q

Samples are selected proportionally from each stratum which can be done through simple or systematic random sampling

A

Stratified random sampling

89
Q

Can be done by subdividing the population into smaller units and then selecting only at random some primary units where the study would then be concentrated.

A

Cluster sampling

90
Q

is sometimes referred to as an “area sampling” because it is frequently applied on a graphical basis.

A

Cluster sampling

91
Q

The cluster sampling is sometimes referred to as an “__________” because it is frequently applied on a graphical basis.

A

area sampling

92
Q

In general, we can get more precise results under cluster sampling when each cluster contains as a varied mixture as possible and at the same time one cluster is as nearly alike as the other.

A

Cluster sampling

2nd Semester (48 decks)

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