Statistics and Probability Full Blown Reviewer Flashcards by Scaly Fox

“STATISTICS” comes from the Italian word
“_______” which means “______”.

stato which means state

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Comes from the Italian word
“stato” which means “state”.

STATISTICS

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In the early times if someone works with
statistics he/she concerns him/herself with
_________________

government affairs.

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The word statistics first appeared in print in the
book by ___________ entitled, “Abriss
statswissen der heutigen vornehmsten
europaishen Reiche und Republiken” in 1979.

Gottfried Achenwall

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During this time statistics was simply a
______________________ like
numbers of deaths, births, causes of death, etc.

collection of data on government records

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In the early day-day statistics, data were ____________________
This is because the theory of probability was
not yet considered part in the analysis of data.

not
utilized to predict future events nor data were
analyzed in relation with other sets of data.

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The term __________________ , in layman’s terms, is the degree of
likelihood for an event to happen.

Probability

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The concise mathematical computation on this degree falls
under the ____________

theory of probability.

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The theory of probability has its beginnings during the time of
___________

Cardano in 1525.

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In 1654, a certain__________ asked an intriguing
question that deals with probability which provoked the fertile
minds of ____________

Chevalier de Mere, Blaise Pascal and Pierre de Fermat.

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A certain Dutch mathematician ____________
also worked on the posed by Chevalier.

Christiaan Huygens

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The science of collecting, analyzing,
presenting, and interpreting data.

Statistics,

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Statistics is the science of collecting, analyzing,
presenting, and interpreting _____.

Data

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Governmental
needs for __________ as well as information
about a variety of economic activities provided
much of the early__________ for the field of statistics.

census data, impetus

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is the field of statistics that focuses on
quantitatively description of a collection of data.

Descriptive statistics

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-It is usually used to define the basic characteristics
of the data in a study.

Descriptive statistics

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It is used to make conclusions of the
probability that a difference between samples is
either reliable or by chance.

Inferential statistics

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Inferential statistics, conclusions are being
formulated from the direct data.

Inferential statistics

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a whole population while a
statistics described a sample of a given population.

Parameter

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are all the information of a given
population and this is something that is hard to
determine since it requires a lot of time, resource and
skills.

-parameters

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is a measure of “types” and may be
represented in terms of characteristics, names or symbols.

Qualitative data

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is a measured of “values”, or “counts”
and expressed in numerical values.

Quantitative data

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*Basically qualitative data answer the question “__________”
while quantitative answers the question “________________”.

what, how many

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Measure of “types” and may
be represented by names or
symbols

QUALITATIVE DATA

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Describes individuals or objects by their categories or groups

QUALITATIVE DATA

Answer the question “what type”

QUALITATIVE DATA

Measure of “values” or “counts” and expressed in numbers

QUANTITATIVE DATA

Operations such as addition and averaging make sense

QUANTITATIVE DATA

Answer the questions “how many”, “how much”

QUANTITATIVE DATA

Data are in original form.

Raw data

Data collected is already arranged in certain pattern such as in ascending or descending order.

Array data

ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE INDIVIDUAL TO BE OBSERVED OR MEASURED.

VARIABLES

Called the predictor variable.

Independent Variable

Called the criterion variable.

Dependent Variable

variables that can be expressed in decimals.

Continuous Variables

Variables that cannot be expressed in decimals.

Discrete or Discontinuous Variables

Data that consist of names, labels, or categories only The data cannot be arranged in an ordering scheme numbers or symbols are used to classify an object or person to identify the group they belong Examples: Gender (Male and Female Nationality (Filipino, American, Japanese)

NOMINAL SCALE

Data contains the properties of nominal level. The data can be arranged in an ordering scheme or ranked. The difference between the values of the data cannot be determined. The interval is meaningless.

ORDINAL SCALE

Data contain the properties of ordinal level. Data values can be ranked. The difference between the values of the data are of known sizes. The interval between the values has meaning. The “zero” does not imply the absence of characteristics. The ratio of data values are meaningless.

Interval scale

Data contain the properties of interval level. The “zero” indicates the absence of the characteristics under consideration. The ratio of data values has meaning.

Ratio scale

The branch of mathematics that deals with uncertainty is the _____________

theory of probability.

- well-defined results.

EXPERIMENTS

If the set of all outcomes of an experiment is the

sample space or probability space

then an event is a subset of the

sample space

Formula for probability?

P(E) = (𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡)/(𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒)

Methods of data collection:

Observation, interview, Questionaire, and Database

Five Most Common Methods in Collecting Data

1) Direct Method 2) Indirect Method 3) Registration Method 4) Observation Method 5) Experimental Method

Are data collected directly by the researcher himself.

PRIMARY DATA

First hand or original sources

PRIMARY DATA

are information taken from published and unpublished materials previously gathered by other researchers or agencies such as book, newspaper, magazine, journals, published and unpublished thesis and dissertations.

SECONDARY DATA

“interview method”

Direct Method

done through a direct and personal contact of the researcher with the person from whom data will be collected

Direct Method

“questionnaire method”

Indirect Method

- Executed through the use of either online questionnaire or paper form questionnaire distributed to groups of people.

Indirect Method

- Done through the gathering of data from concerned offices.

Registration Method

- Done through the gathering of data from concerned offices.

Registration Method

Purely based on the subjective remarks of the observer.

Observation Method

- It is applicable to data pertaining to attitude, behavior, and values of individuals.

Observation Method

- It is applicable to data pertaining to attitude, behavior, and values of individuals.

Observation Method

The method that determines the cause and effect relationships of a certain parameter or event under a controlled condition.

Experimental Method

- This method is usually used by researchers in the field of sciences.

Experimental Method

The complete set of individuals or subject.

POPULATION

Is just a representative of the whole population.

SAMPLE

This sampling technique also called the Simple Random Sampling

PROBABILITY SAMPLING

Probability sampling technique also called?

the Simple Random Sampling

Are randomly picked

The samples

Each member of the population has an equal chance of being picked as part of the sample.

PROBABILITY SAMPLING

often times used when the population to be considered is too large.

Restricted Random Sampling

The selection of sample is done by picking every 𝑘^𝑡ℎ element of the population.

a. Systematic Sampling

Is a process or activity that generates data

STATISTICAL EXPERIMENT

is an organized record of measurements arranged in columns and rows.

Data Set

is the set/collection of all possible outcomes in an experiment.

SAMPLE SPACE

is a collection of one or more outcomes of an experiment.

Event

is a function that associates a real number to each element in the sample space. It is a variable whose values are determined by chance.

Random Variable

It is a variable whose values are determined by chance.

Random Variable

EVERY UNIT HAS A ‘CHANCE’ OF BEING SELECTED, AND THAT CHANCE CAN BE QUANTIFIED.

PROBABILITY SAMPLING

EVERY ITEM IN A POPULATION DOES NOT HAVE AN EQUAL CHANCE OF BEING SELECTED.

NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING

INVOLVES THE SELECTION OF A SAMPLE FROM A POPULATION, BASED ON THE PRINCIPLE OF RANDOMIZATION OR CHANCE.

PROBABILITY SAMPLING

IS MORE COMPLEX, MORE TIME-CONSUMING AND USUALLY MORE COSTLY THAN NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING

PROBABILITY SAMPLING

TO PREVENT THE POSSIBILITY OF A BIAS OR ERRONEOUS INFERENCE, A RANDOM SAMPLING IS COMMONLY RECOMMENDED.

SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING

UNDER THE CONCEPT OF RANDOMNESS, EACH MEMBER OF THE POPULATION HAS AN EQUAL CHANCE TO BE INCLUDED IN THE SAMPLE GATHERED.

SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING

THE ITEMS OR INDIVIDUALS ARE ARRANGED IN SOME WAY- ALPHABETICALLY OR OTHER SORT.

SYSTEMATIC RANDOM SAMPLING

A RANDOM STARTING POINT IS SELECTED; AND THEN EVERY 𝑘^𝑡ℎmember will be the succeeding samples.

SYSTEMATIC RANDOM SAMPLING

A population is first divided into subsets based on homogeneity called strata.

Stratified random sampling

A population is first divided into subsets based on homogeneity called what?

strata

the strata are internally homogeneous as possible and at the same time each stratum is different from one another as much as possible.

Stratified random sampling

In stratified random sampling, the strata are internally homogeneous as possible and at the same time each _______________ is different from one another as much as possible.

stratum

Samples are selected proportionally from each stratum which can be done through simple or systematic random sampling

Stratified random sampling

Can be done by subdividing the population into smaller units and then selecting only at random some primary units where the study would then be concentrated.

Cluster sampling

is sometimes referred to as an “area sampling” because it is frequently applied on a graphical basis.

Cluster sampling

The cluster sampling is sometimes referred to as an “__________” because it is frequently applied on a graphical basis.

area sampling

In general, we can get more precise results under cluster sampling when each cluster contains as a varied mixture as possible and at the same time one cluster is as nearly alike as the other.

Cluster sampling

Statistics and Probability Full Blown Reviewer Flashcards

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