Friday Quiz Flashcards

1
Q

Variation leads to

A

Natural selection

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2
Q

Morfitt phenotypes produced more ____

A

Offspring

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3
Q

What is allele frequency

A

Number of times an allele appears in a gene pool

Has nothing to do with whether an allele is dominant or recessive

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4
Q

What involves changes in allele frequency in a gene pool overtime

A

Evolution

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5
Q

Population does evolve true or false

A

True

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6
Q

Individuals do evolve true or false

A

False

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7
Q

Natural selection affects

A

Individuals

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8
Q

Survival/death effects

A

The whole population

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9
Q

What are the sources of variation

A

Mutations
Sexual recombination (meiosis)
Lateral gene transfer (bacteria use pili to pick up new genes)

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10
Q

How does natural selection affect phenotype

A

Natural selection on single gene traits—>allele frequency changes—>changes in phenotype

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11
Q

How does natural selection affect more than one gene trait

A

Natural selection on polygenetic trait affect the fitness levels of various phenotypes which leads to three possible types of selection

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12
Q

What is directional selection

A

Where individuals of one extreme have a higher fitness than those in the middle or other extreme

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13
Q

What is stabilizing selection

A

Where individuals in the middle have a higher fitness than either of the extremes

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14
Q

What is disruptive selection

A

Where individuals at both extremes have a higher fitness than those in the middle

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15
Q

What is speciation

A

Making new species

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16
Q

What is a species

A

Organisms that are able to reproduce and produce fertile offspring

17
Q

What events caused the formation of a new species

A

Genetic changes
Environmental pressure
Biotic and abiotic factors
Isolating mechanisms

18
Q

Define isolating mechanisms

A

Events that cause organisms to become reproductively isolated Drive the evolution of new species

19
Q

Behavioral isolation

A

Depends on mating rituals that allow them to vary from other species. Changes in their behavior

20
Q

Geographical isolation

A

Members of the population become separated from another population by geographical barriers that prevent the interchange of genes between the separated populations

For example two types of squirrels being separated by the Grand Canyon

21
Q

Temporal isolation

A

Species breed/flowers – meet at different times

fireflies – often Breed at different times of night or flowers that bloom at different times of year

22
Q

Agents of evolutionary change

A
Mutation 
Gene flow
Nonrandom mating 
Generic drift 
Selection
23
Q

Mutation

A

Causes novel traits to show up through a change in nucleotide sequence

Typically happens slowly. Mutations occur about 1 to 10 times for every hundred thousand cell divisions

Mutation rates are not affected by natural selection

24
Q

Gene flow

A

Gene flow is the movement of alleles from one population to another

This will introduce new alleles to a population. If these do organisms can survive and reproduce, the gene pool of the population is changed.

Examples include bees pollinating flowers or most oceanic animals

25
Q

Nonrandom mating

A

Some organisms will meet with organisms of a similar genotype, avoiding a random mating

26
Q

What is inbreeding

A

A common form of nonrandom meeting. Inbreeding does not change the frequency of alleles, it creates more homozygous individuals.

27
Q

What are examples of nonrandom meeting

A

Self fertilizing plants, or purebred domestic animals

28
Q

Genetic drift

A

Random fluctuation of gene frequency for random chance

This random chance can radically change the gene frequencies in a population through Fenno Mena like the bottleneck effect and founder effect

29
Q

What is the bottleneck effect

A

Happen when a drastic change occurs in a population leaving only a few survivors (natural disasters, disease, overhunting)
Offspring will resemble the survivors simply because those are the only jeans left

30
Q

Founder affects

A

Occur when a few organisms from a species in habit a new area
Since they are the only representatives of their species the offspring will resemble the only jeans available

31
Q

Natural selection

A

There is a variation in a population
More organisms are born and then will survive
Survival is not random
Advantageous traits must be heritable

32
Q

Classification system

A

The grouping of organisms based upon their similarities

33
Q

Classification is also known as

A

Taxonomy (the science of identifying, naming, and classifying organisms)

34
Q

Evolutionary relationships in taxonomy

A

Based on three things: how Mollica structures, DNA evidence, embryological similarities

35
Q

Cladistics

A

And approach to biological classification where organisms are grouped together based on whether or not they have one or more shared unique characteristics that come from the groups last Common ancestor and are not present in more distant ancestors

36
Q

Cladograms

A

Branching diagrams that show how organisms are related based on shared, derived characteristics

37
Q

Define gene pool

A

The set of all jeans, or genetic information, in any population, usually of a particular species