GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM

Question 1

The system responsible for the digestion and absorption of nutrients from ingested food.

Answer 1

Gastrointestinal / Digestive System

Question 2

GI SYSTEM FUNCTIONS:

Answer 2

• INGEST the food
• BREAKDOWN of food into small molecules that can cross membranes
• ABSORB these nutrient molecules
• ELIMINATE nondigestible wastes

Question 3

GI SYSTEM STRUCTURES

Answer 3

1. ALIMENTARY CANAL (Gastrointestinal Tract)
2. ACCESSORY DIGESTIVE ORGANS

Question 4

PARTS OF ALIMENTARY CANAL (Gastrointestinal Tract)

Answer 4

MOUTH
PHARYNX
OESOPHAGUS
STOMACH
SMALL INTESTINE (duodenum, jejunum, ileum)
LARGE INTESTINE (Vermiform appendix, cecum, ascending & sigmoid colon, rectum)
ANUS

Question 5

PARTS OF ACCESSORY DIGESTIVE ORGANS

Answer 5

TEETH
TONGUE
SALIVARY GLANDS (parotid, sublingual, submandibular)
GLANDULAR ORGANS (liver, pancreas)
GALLBLADDER

Question 6

ALIMENTARY CANAL: LAYERS

Answer 6

1. MUCOSA
2. SUBMUCOSA
3. MUSCULARIS
4. SEROSA

Question 7

LAYERS OF MUCOSA

Answer 7

EPITHELIUM
LAMINA PROPRIA
MUSCULARIS MUCOSA

Question 8

EPITHELIUM

in the ___,____,_____, AND ____ ____ → stratified squamous epithelium

Answer 8

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and anal canal

Question 9

EPITHELIUM

in the _____ AND _____→ columnar epithelium

Answer 9

stomach and intestines

Question 10

Dispersed in the epithelium are _____ CELLS and ________ CELLS → mucus and fluid secretion

There is RAPID RENEWAL of this epithelial cells that aids in the preservation of a healthy alimentary canal

Answer 10

GOBLET
ENTEROENDOCRINE

Question 11

__________

→ immune function → clusters of __________ (WBC)→ MALT (Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue) (eg. Peyer’s patches in the ileum)

Answer 11

LAMINA PROPRIA

LYMPHOCYTES

Question 12

_________

→ smooth muscle → pulls the mucosa of the stomach and small intestines into FOLDS → increase surface area

Answer 12

MUSCULARIS MUCOSA

Question 13

_________

Includes blood vessels and lymphatic vessels

Contains branching networks of nerves → _______ ______

Answer 13

SUBMUCOSA

SUBMUCOSAL PLEXUS

Question 14

MUSCULARIS.

In the SMALL INTESTINE→ double layer of ______ muscle (inner circular and outer longitudinal)

In the _____, ______, ______, ______→ SKELETAL muscle

Answer 14

SMOOTH

MOUTH, PHARYNX, ANTERIOR PART OF ESOPHAGUS, EXTERNAL ANAL SPHINCTER

Question 15

PARTS OF MUSCULARIS

Answer 15

STOMACH
COLON

Question 16

two layers of smooth muscle + OBLIQUE muscle

Answer 16

STOMACH

Question 17

________

two layers of smooth muscle, where the longitudinal layer is segregated into parallel bands → ________ ______

Answer 17

COLON

TAENIA COLI

Question 18

Present only in the region of the canal that is within the abdominal cavity

Answer 18

SEROSA

Question 19

serosa.

Has a _____ _____ LAYER → loose connective tissue that serves to hold the alimentary canal in place near the ventral surface of the vertebral column

Answer 19

VISCERAL PERITONEUM

Question 20

Anchors and binds the canal to surrounding tissues (instead of slippery serosa

LOCATED IN: ____, ____, _____

Answer 20

ADVENTITIA

In the mouth, pharynx, and esophagus

Question 21

BLOOD SUPPLY OF THE ALIMENTARY CANAL

Answer 21

CELIAC TRUNK
SUPERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERY
INFERIOR MESETRIC ARTERY

Question 22

Primary blood supply to the FOREGUT

PARTS:

Answer 22

CELIAC TRUNK

PHARYNX
ESOPHAGUS
STOMACH
UPPER DUDENUM
LIVER
GALLBLADDER
SPLEEN
HALKF OF THE PANCREASE

Question 23

PARTS OF MIDGUT

Answer 23

SUPERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERY

REMAINING HALF OF THE PANCREAS
LOWER DUODENUM
JEJUNUM
ILLEUM
CECUM
APPENDIX
ASCENDING COLON
FIRST 2/3 OF TRANSVERSE COLON

Question 24

HINDGUT

Answer 24

INFERIOR MESETRIC ARTERY

LAST 1/3 OF TRANSVERSE COLON
DESCENDING COLON
sigmoid colon
rectum
upper anal canal

Question 25

Broad SEROUS MEMBRANEOUS SAC made up of squamous epithelial tissue surrounded by connective tissue that holds digestive organs within the abdominal cavity in place

Answer 25

PERITONEUM

Question 26

2 REGIONS OF PERITONEUM

Answer 26

PARIETAL PERITONEUM VISCERAL PERITONEUM

Question 27

lines the abdominal wall

Answer 27

PARIETAL PERITONEUM

Question 28

covers the abdominal organs

Answer 28

VISCERAL PERITONEUM

Question 29

the space bounded by the visceral and parietal surfaces

Answer 29

PERITONEAL CAVITY

Question 30

PATHWAY OF FOOD

Answer 30

MOUTH PHARYNX ESOPHAGUS STOMACH SMALL INTESTINES LARGE INTESTINES (vermiform appendix, cecum, colon, rectum)

Question 31

______ mixes and churns food with gastric juices to form ______ ; Releases food into the duodenum; secretes intrinsic factor Required for Vit ______ absorption in the SMALL INTESTINE _____ - storage _____ - digestive process

Answer 31

STOMACH CHYME B12 PROXIMAL DISTAL

Question 32

mixes chyme with digestive juices; absorbs breakdown products of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, nucleic acids, as well as vitamins, minerals, and water

Answer 32

SMALL INTES

Question 33

further breaks down food residues; ABSORBS most residual WATER, electrolytes, and vitamins; propels feces towards the rectum; eliminates feces

Answer 33

LARGE INTES

Question 34

Teeth → aid in mechanical breakdown of food (____, ____, ____)

Answer 34

TEAR, GRIND, CHEW

Question 35

______ facilitates ingestion, mechanical and chemical digestion (______), sensation, swallowing, and vocalization

Answer 35

TONGUE AMYLASE

Question 36

3 Salivary glands

Answer 36

parotid, submandibular, sublingual

Question 37

produces BILE SALTS which emulsifies lipids aiding their digestion and absorption

Answer 37

LIVER

Question 38

stores, concentrates, and releases bile: digesting fats.

Answer 38

GALLBLADDER

Question 39

produces digestive enzymes and pancreatic juice

Answer 39

PANCEAS

Question 40

PROCESSES OF DIGESTION

Answer 40

INGESTION PROPULSION MECHANICAL DIGESTION CHEMICAL DIGES ABSORPTION DEFECATION

Question 41

refers to the entry of food into the alimentary canal through the mouth

Answer 41

INGESTION

Question 42

refers to the movement of food through the digestive tract (______ + _______)

Answer 42

PROPULSION Swallowing + Peristalsis

Question 43

purely physical process that does not change the chemical nature of the food

Answer 43

MECHANICAL DIGESTION

Question 44

breakdown of complex food molecules into their chemical building blocks

Answer 44

CHEMICAL DIGES

Question 45

process where food that has been broken down ENTERS the BLOOD STREAM (via the blood vessels) or the lymphatic system (via the lymphatic vessels through the lacteals); primarily happen in the small intestines

Answer 45

ABSORPTION

Question 46

removal of undigested food from the body as feces

Answer 46

DEFECATION

Question 47

_______/MASTICATION/movement of the tongue → oral cavity _______ → stomach _______ → small intestine → facilitates absorption

Answer 47

Chewing Churning Segmentation

Question 48

NEUTRAL CONTROLS

Answer 48

Intrinsic Innervation (inside the gut) Extrinsic Innervation (brain/spinal cord)

Question 49

controls how the gut MOVES and SECRETES.

Answer 49

ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

Question 50

2 plexuses ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

Answer 50

Myenteric plexus (plexus of Auerbach) Submucosal plexus (plexus of Meissner)