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SECOND SEM > M7 SCI 11 > Flashcards

M7 SCI 11 Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

VARIATION and RICHNESS of life at a particular SCALE

A

BIODIVERSITY

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2
Q

ACCORDING TO: __________

“The VARIABILITY among living organisms from the land, the seas, and other aquatic ecosystems, and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity WITHIN species, BETWEEN species and of ecosystems.”

A

CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY (CBD)

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3
Q

Levels of Biodiversity

A

GENETIC DIVERSITY
SPECIES DIVERSITY
ECOSYSTEM DIVERSITY

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4
Q

sum total of information contained in the GENES of species of plants, animals, and microorganisms

A

GENETIC DIVERSITY

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5
Q

Includes genetic variation BETWEEN populations and WITHIN a population.

A

GENETIC DIVERSITY

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6
Q

IMPORTANCE OF GENETIC DIVERSITY

A
  1. SURVIVAL
  2. ADAPTABILITY
  3. RESISTANCE TO DISEASE
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7
Q

Variety of species including ABUNDANCE, DISTRIBUTION, and FUNCTIONS or INTERACTIONS within a specific area.

A

SPECIES DIVERSITY

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8
Q

MEASUREMENT OF SPECIES DIVERSITY

A
  1. RICHNESS
  2. EVENNESS
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9
Q

number of different kinds of organisms

A
  1. RICHNESS
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10
Q

similarity in population size among species

A
  1. EVENNESS
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11
Q

Coral reefs (HIGH diversity), deserts (LOW diversity)

ARE EXAMPLES OF ____ _____

A

SPECIES DIVERSITY

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12
Q

Distribution and abundance of HABITATS, biotic COMMUNITIES, and ecological PROCESSES.

A

ECOSYSTEM DIVERSITY

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13
Q

ECOSYSTEM DIVERSITY.

Variety of ______ supports different species and genetic variations.

A

HABITATS

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14
Q

Biodiversity levels can be DESCRIBED by:

A
  1. COMPOSITIONAL BIODIVERSITY
  2. STRUCTURAL BIODIVERSITY
  3. FUNCTIONAL BIODIVERSITY
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15
Q

Type and number of ELEMENTS at each level (genes, species, habitats)

A

COMPOSITIONAL BIODIVERSITY

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16
Q

🧬 Biodiversity Attributes and Ecosystem Processes.

  • Genetic composition of populations

is an EXAMPLE OF ____ _____

A

COMPOSITIONAL BIODIVERSITY

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17
Q

🧬 Biodiversity Attributes and Ecosystem Processes.

  • IDENTITY and ABUNDANCE of species

is an EXAMPLE OF ____ _____

A

COMPOSITIONAL BIODIVERSITY

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18
Q

🧬 Biodiversity Attributes and Ecosystem Processes.

  • Types of habitats across a landscape

is an EXAMPLE OF ____ _____

A

COMPOSITIONAL BIODIVERSITY

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19
Q

Variety of ARRANGEMENTS of components in space or time

A

STRUCTURAL BIODIVERSITY

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20
Q

🧬 Biodiversity Attributes and Ecosystem Processes.

  • Vertical layering in forests

is an EXAMPLE OF ____ _____

A

STRUCTURAL BIODIVERSITY

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21
Q

🧬 Biodiversity Attributes and Ecosystem Processes.

  • Temporal fluctuations like tidal patterns and seasonal flooding

is an EXAMPLE OF ____ _____

A

STRUCTURAL BIODIVERSITY

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22
Q

🧬 Biodiversity Attributes and Ecosystem Processes.

  • Nutrient cycling

is an EXAMPLE OF ____ _____

A

FUNCTIONAL BIODIVERSITY

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23
Q

🧬 Biodiversity Attributes and Ecosystem Processes.

  • Pollination

is an EXAMPLE OF ____ _____

A

FUNCTIONAL BIODIVERSITY

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24
Q

🧬 Biodiversity Attributes and Ecosystem Processes.

  • Predation, parasitism, germination

is an EXAMPLE OF ____ _____

A

FUNCTIONAL BIODIVERSITY

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25
Variety of BIOLOGICAL PROCCESSES and INTERACTIONS
FUNCTIONAL BIODIVERSITY
26
🌍 Importance of Biodiversity
1. ANTHROPOCENTRIC BENEFITS 2. ECOCENTRIC BENEFITS
27
- Based on INTRINSIC VALUE of life forms - Fulfillment in knowing ecosystems exist for future generations
2. ECOCENTRIC BENEFITS
28
- Useful for: Science Medicine Materials Recreation - Ecosystem Services: Water/air purification Pollination Nutrient cycling Climate regulation Coastal protection (e.g., mangroves)
1. ANTHROPOCENTRIC BENEFITS
29
Measuring and Monitoring Biodiversity Using ____ ____
SURROGATE SPECIES
30
Surrogate Approaches:
KEYSTONE UMBRELLA INDICATOR FLAGSHIP
31
- Small population, large impact - Ecosystem WOULD COLLAPSE or change drastically without them
KEYSTONE
32
- Example: Tropical figs, mangroves
KEYSTONE
33
- Require large habitats - Protecting them benefits many co-occurring species
UMBRELLA
34
- Examples: Philippine eagle, marine turtles
UMBRELLA
35
- BENCHMARK species sensitive to environmental changes - Habitat-specific
INDICATOR
36
Examples: Sub clover (ozone), flying foxes (forest health)
INDICATOR
37
- Charismatic and symbolic species - Used in campaigns to raise awareness
FLAGSHIP
38
Examples: Mindoro ‘Tariktik’, Philippine eagle
FLAGSHIP
39
🔥 Causes of Biodiversity Loss
1. POPULATION GROWTH 2. HABITAT LOSS 3. INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES 4. URBANIZATION 5. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION 6. CLIMATE CHANGE
40
TYPES OF HABITAT LOSS
MANGROVE DEGREDATION DEFORESTATION
41
______ _____ - High population density threatens species - Key component to biodiversity conservation is _____ _____
POPULATION GROWTH POPULATION REGULATION
42
Agriculture, logging, urban expansion
DEFORESTATION
43
- Due to aquaculture, firewood use, climate change - Species affected: Rhizophora, Sonneratia, Xylocarpus, etc.
MANGROVE DEGREDATION
44
____ ___ _____ - Non-native species that disrupt ecosystems - Spread by _____, _____, and _____ - Cause economic loss in agriculture and fisheries
INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES TRADE TRAVEL TECHNOLOGY
45
Leads to: - Habitat FRAGMENTATION - Displacement by INVASIVE SPECIES
URANIZATION
46
_______ ______ - From industry, agriculture, waste - NITROGEN and PHOSPHORUS overload (_______) - Major sources: AGRICULTURE and TRANSPORT
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION EUTROPHICATION
47
⚠️ Effects of Biodiversity Loss
1. Threats to FOOD SECURITY 2. Threats to ENERGY SECURITY 3. unavailability of CLEAN WATER
48
- Temperature/rainfall changes affect habitats - Predicted impacts (CBD, 2007): Melting polar regions Agricultural shifts Pest outbreaks Ecosystem degradation (forests, islands, mountains)
CLIMATE CHANGE
49
- Biodiversity is essential to agricultural production - Need for integrated pest and soil management
1. THREATS TO FOOD SECURITY
50
- _______ is a major energy source in developing countries - Overharvesting due to population pressures
2. THREATS TO ENERGY SECURITY WOOD
51
- Forests/watersheds maintain water quality - Example: NYC saved $6–8B by protecting its watershed
3. UNAVAILABILITY OF CLEAN WATER
52
THE Conservation Categories WAS MADE BY
International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
53
Conservation Categories (IUCN Red List)
1. Extinct (EX) 2. Extinct in the Wild (EW) 3. Critically Endangered (CR) 4. Endangered (EN) 5. Vulnerable (VU) 6. Near Threatened (NT) 7. Least Concern (LC) 8. Data Deficient (DD) 9. Not Evaluated (NE)
54
Philippines IS One of ____ ________ countries
17 megadiverse
55
THE PH HAS ______ described species = High _______
52,177 ; endemism
56
FACTORS OF HIGH ENDEMISM OF THE PH
Tropical location Rugged topography Island isolation
57
THE PH IS Also a biodiversity ______ due to: Resource destruction Vulnerability to natural disasters
HOTSPOT
58
WHAT REGION HAS THE HIGHEST NUMBER OF VASCULAR PLANTS
LATIN AMERICA = 118,308
59
WHAT REGION HAS THE LOWEST NUMBER OF SNAKES
AFROTROPICAL = 681
60
RANK OF DECLINE OF EARTH'S BIODIVERSITY
1. LATIN AMERICA & CARIBBEAN 2. AFRICA 3. ASIA PACIFIC 4. NORTH AMERICA 5. EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
61
ECOSYSTEM SERVICES
PROVISIONING CULTURAL REGULATING
62
____ ____ INDICATES A LOW STREAM POLLUTION LEVEL
STONEFLY NYMPH
63
____ ____ INDICATES A HIGH STREAM POLLUTION LEVEL
TUBIFEX WORM
64
INDICATOR FOR HOW MUCH SULFUR DIOXIDE CONTENT IN THE AIR
LICHENS
65
INDICATOR FOR LOTS OF SULFUR DIOXIDE CONTENT IN THE AIR
BLACKSPOT FUNGUS
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SECOND SEM (28 decks)

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