GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM

Question 1

What are the two types of Digestion?

Answer 1

Mechanical and Chemical Digestion

Question 2

Describe Mechanical Digestion.

Answer 2

Tongue, teeth, stomach, and sm. intestine mix/cut/churn food

Question 3

Describe Chemical Digestion.

Answer 3

Enzymes secreted from salivary glands, tongue, stomach, pancreas, and sm. intestine breakdown nutrients

Question 4

Mastication means?

Answer 4

Chewing

Question 5

Deglutition means?

Answer 5

Swallowing

Question 6

Emesis means?

Answer 6

Vomiting

Question 7

Gustation means?

Answer 7

Taste

Question 8

Where is the Parotid Gland located?

Answer 8

Inferior-anterior to ear. Between skin and masseter.

Question 9

Where is the Submandibular Glands located?

Answer 9

Floor of mouth

Question 10

Where is the Sublingual Glands located?

Answer 10

Beneath tongue

Question 11

What is Bolus?

Answer 11

Soft, flexible mass (chewed food)

Question 12

Describe the function of the Pharynx (Throat)?

Answer 12

Contractions moves bolus from mouth, to pharynx, to esophagus

Question 13

Describe the structure and function of Esophagus.

Answer 13

Collapsible tube running from pharynx, through diaphragm, to stomach. - secrets mucous and moves bolus

Question 14

What is the ‘Esophageal Hiatus’?

Answer 14

A hole in the Diaphragm where the Esophagus runs through

Question 15

Define Peristalsis.

Answer 15

Wave-like contractions moving bolus from esophagus to anus

Question 16

What are the structures controlling food passage in the Upper Esophageal Sphincter?

Answer 16

Pharynx into Esophagus

Question 17

What are the structures controlling food passage in the Lower Esophageal Sphincter?

Answer 17

Esophagus into Stomach

Question 18

The GI Tract extend from ____________ to __________.

Answer 18

Lower Esophagus to Anal Canal

Question 19

List the layers of the GI Tract walls. (deep to superficial)

Answer 19

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis
Serosa

Question 20

Describe the Mucosa layer of GI Tract.

Answer 20

Mucous membrane consisting of:

• Epithelium (secrets)
• Lamina Propria (absorbs)
• Muscularis Musoca (contraction)

Question 21

Describe the Submucosa layer of GI Tract.

Answer 21

• Nutrient transport with blood/lymph vessels

- GI control from Enteric N.S

Question 22

Describe the Muscularis layer of GI Tract.

Answer 22

Contain Circular and Longitudinal Fibres causing contractions controlled by Enteric N.S

Question 23

Describe the Serosa/Visceral Peritoneum layer of GI Tract.

Answer 23

Outermost layer of organs in abdominal cavity

Question 24

Describe the Peritoneum.

Answer 24

Large folds that bind organs to one another and to the walls of the abdominal cavity

Question 25

What are the two layers of Peritoneum?

Answer 25

- Visceral Peritoneum/Serosa | - Parietal Layer

Question 26

What is the space in between the Peritoneum layers?

Answer 26

Peritoneal Cavity

Question 27

What are Retroperitoneal?

Answer 27

Peritoneum layer covering organs on the anterior side

Question 28

Where is the Stomach located?

Answer 28

Below Diaphagrm - Runs from esophagus to sm.intestine

Question 29

Define Chyme.

Answer 29

Soupy mix of food in the stomach

Question 30

Where do food particles pass through once they are small enough?

Answer 30

Pyloric Sphincter into Sm.Intestine

Question 31

What do Mucous Neck cells in the stomach secret?

Answer 31

Mucous

Question 32

What do Parietal cells in the stomach secret?

Answer 32

Intrinsic factor and HCI

Question 33

What do Chief cells in the stomach secret?

Answer 33

Pepsinogen and gastric lipase

Question 34

What do G Cells in the stomach secret?

Answer 34

Gastrin

Question 35

What is the function of Gastrin?

Answer 35

- Gastrin juice production - LES contractions - Increase stomach peristalsis - Relaxes pyloric sphincter

Question 36

What additional layer does the stomach have to facilitate mixing?

Answer 36

Oblique layer of smooth muscle

Question 37

List the order of the 3 regions of the Sm.Intestine.

Answer 37

Duodenum Jejunum Ileum

Question 38

What are the Circular Folds in the Sm.Intestine?

Answer 38

Ridges in Mucosa/Submucosa increasing surface area

Question 39

Define Villi.

Answer 39

Finger-like projection covered in epithelium, increasing surface area

Question 40

What is the function of Absorptive cells?

Answer 40

Digestion/Absorption

Question 41

What is the function of Goblet cells?

Answer 41

Mucous

Question 42

What is the function of Paneth cells?

Answer 42

Kill bacteria

Question 43

What is the function of Enteroendocrine?

Answer 43

Secrete hormones

Question 44

Define Microvilli.

Answer 44

Brush border found in Absorptive cells

Question 45

What does each Villus contain?

Answer 45

Arteriole / Venule / Lacteal

Question 46

What is Chyme mixed with in the Sm.Intestine?

Answer 46

Intestinal and Pancreatic Juices

Question 47

Where do absorbed nutrients in the Sm.Intestine pass into?

Answer 47

Blood stream to Liver Lymphatics (lipids) via Lacteal Ileocecal Valve/Sphincter to Lg.Intestine

Question 48

What are the two functions of the Pancreas?

Answer 48

Endocrine and Exocrine

Question 49

Define the Exocrine function.

Answer 49

Secretes Pancreatic Juices into Duodenal Lumen

Question 50

Pancreatic Juice are secreted into the Duodenum via 2 main ducts:

Answer 50

- Common Duct formed by Pancreatic Duct joining Bile Duct | - Accessory Duct

Question 51

What passes through the Hepatic Artery?

Answer 51

Oxygenated blood

Question 52

What passes through the Hepatic Portal Vein?

Answer 52

Deoxygenated blood containing nutrients, medications, microbes and toxins

Question 53

What is the function of Hepatocyte (Liver Cells).

Answer 53

- Absorb oxygen/nutrients/toxins - Release nutrients - Make/secrete bile

Question 54

If low blood pressure is present, hepatocytes will...

Answer 54

Breakdown glycogen and release into blood

Question 55

If high blood pressure is present, hepatocytes will...

Answer 55

Remove glucose from blood and store it