Gender

Question 1

What percentage of women take up the prison population

Answer 1

3.5%

Question 2

Who are we more likely to be victim to?

Answer 2

Men = strangers 
Women = victim by their present or ex partners

Question 3

Evaluation of official statistics

Answer 3

❌ technology affects our ability to report and record crime = hard to say weather crime has gone up or down
❌ increase of women committing petty crime - statistics may be out of date

Question 4

How many people were found guilty or were cautioned?

Answer 4

1.69million

79% male
11% under 18

Question 5

How does Heidensohn explain low women crime rates?

Answer 5

Patriarchal society controls woment more
So they conform, reducing their opportunities to offend
+ women have more to lose if they deviate

Question 6

How does control occur?

Answer 6

1⃣ in the home
- responsibilities means women have less time to commit crime
- more consequences if they do eg lose of child
2⃣ public
- feel of physical violence if they go out at night alone
- sexual harrasment at work = restricted opportunities to deviate
3⃣ lose of reputation
- getting labels such as slag = lack of femininity

Question 7

What is carlens rational choice theory?

Answer 7

✌🏽️ interview 39 working class women who had committed a range of offences - appeared to be a rational choice 
👀 low paid job = not the lifestyle they hoped for 
👀 family life as a child and as an adult = happy + unfulfilling
Gender deal and economic deal = commit crime to provide for their children/to survive

Question 8

Evaluation for carlen?

Answer 8

✔️ suggests conformity
✔️ new left - relative deprivation
❌ both show external factors lead to women crime - ignored free will

Question 9

What do functionalism say about the sex role theory?

Answer 9

Boys and girls are socialised differently

- boys are more likely to become delinquent

Question 10

What does sutherland say?

Answer 10

Social control makes girls more closely supervised and have greater constrains

Boys are more likely to be encouraged to take risks, to be tough and aggressive

Question 11

What does parsons say?

Answer 11

Biological differences mean women take on a nurturing, caring rile
- rather than aggressive ones that is found in males

// which results in antisocial behaviour and delinquency

❌ marxists - this fails to notice the differences in power

Question 12

What is the chivalry theory?

Answer 12

Women being treated more leniently

• police may be more likly to give a caution than charge
• couets are more inclined to give a lenient sentence

Question 13

What is the evidence for the chivalry theory?

Answer 13

Pollack, 1950 - men have a protective attitude to women and police/courts dislike to accuse or punish women
❌ old
Hood - compared the sentencing of men and women, men were more likely to receive a custodial sentence than women
// women are more likely to admit it

Question 14

How does campbell show evidence for the chivalry theory?

Answer 14

self report studies
1⃣ female are more likely to be cautioned
2⃣ 1.33 to 1, make to female for juvenile crime - rather than 9:1 as official statistics say

Question 15

What evidence does box give that goes against the chivalry theory?

Answer 15

Reviewed self report studies in Britain and the USA

Official statistics are fairly accurate

Question 16

What evidence does walklate give that goes against the chivalry theory?

Answer 16

CJS is patriarchal, wonen are more likely to be on trial

Question 17

What evidence does buckle and Farrington give that goes against the chivalry theory?

Answer 17

Smaller % of women observed shoplifting

Female and male have similar figures
“Women do not get away with it”

Question 18

What evidence does heidensohn give that goes against the chivalry theory?

Answer 18

Females are more harshly treated to break the stereotype and double standards

Question 19

What evidence does carlen give that goes against the chivalry theory?

Answer 19

CJS hands out sentences to women based on if they have stuck ti the norms an values

Question 20

What evidence does dobash and dobash give that goes against the chivalry theory?

Answer 20

In domestic violence cases male officer were highly unlikely to make an arrest, regarding many incidents as “just a domestic”

Question 21

How has female criminality grown?

Answer 21

1957 - men were responsible for 11x as many offences as women
2008 - 4:1 men:women
😐 number of crimes committed by girls went up by 25% from 2004 to 2007

Question 22

How does alder explain the growth of crime?

Answer 22

Womens increasing independence and weakening traditional forms of social control = more opportunity and less gender stereotype constrain

= more female crime

Question 23

How does denscomb explain the growth of crime?

Answer 23

Ladette culture

• young women adopting behaviour traditionally associated with young men
• binge drinking, gang culture, risk taking

Question 24

Evaluation of denscomb and alder?

Answer 24

❌ heidsohn - studies which found females tend to score highly in psychological tests exploring feminity
❌ female crime rode before womens liberation
❌ working class women are more likly to commit crime, womens independence has influenced the middle class more
❌ liberation does not apply to all cultures and religions

Question 25

What does postmodernist Carol smart say?

Answer 25

Rejects that there is one idea to explain crime - there are a multiple of reasons The idea that women are affected by crime ignores the variety of female identities A high crime rate society affects women in a variety of ways

Question 26

Why do men commit crime?

Answer 26

Messerchmidt - Hegemonic + subordinate masculinity 1⃣ real man is high values - achieve this by their access to poo - through their job or subordination of women 2⃣ some can't/dont want to accomplish this dominant form - subordinated masculinity = street crime to achieve

Question 27

Evaluation of messerchmidt

Answer 27

❌ only a minority of men feel the need to asset their masculinity through crime ❌ collier - stretches the explanatory power of the concept of masculinity too far ❌ postmodernism - reject grand narrative, masculinity is more complex

Question 28

What does winlow say about the crises of masculinity and macho subcultures

Answer 28

🐤 decline of manual jobs and expansion of the service sector = men express their masculinity in night time leisure 1⃣ studied sunderland bouncers 😐 demonstrated their masculinity through violence = status of hard man 🌾 used body to maintain their reputation

Question 29

Part two of winlow

Answer 29

Expression of masculinity changes as society changes ✔️ highlights power of patriarchal society

Question 30

What does collinson say?

Answer 30

When the traditional ways of breadwinning is denied males may compensate for this through the use all aggressive masculinity

Question 31

Evaluation of Collinson?

Answer 31

``` ❌ there are alternative ways to compensate Eg. The middle class use rugby ```

Question 32

What does lying say?

Answer 32

Gain pleasure through risk taking and provide status amongst their male peers - enhancing their masculinity ✔️ katz - the thrill of crime

Question 33

What does Connel say?

Answer 33

Hegemonic masculinity = crime / males try to reaffirm their masculine status by showing qualities eg aggression, control and power = subordination of women and criminality