Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein (Transcription + RNA Processing) Flashcards
(93 cards)
1
Q
RNA stands for
A
Ribonucleic acid
2
Q
RNA is a
A
A nucleic acid that consists of a long chain of nucleotides
3
Q
What are the differences in DNA and RNA
A
- The sugars are different
- RNA is generally one stranded, while DNA is usually a double helix
- The bases are different
- RNA had more jobs
- There are more types of RNA
4
Q
What is the sugar of RNA
A
Ribose (has one more oxygen than deoxyribose)
5
Q
What is the sugar of DNA
A
Deoxyribose
6
Q
What are the bases of DNA
A
G C A T
7
Q
What are the bases of RNA
A
G C A U
8
Q
How many types of RNA are there (that we learned abt)
A
3
9
Q
What are the three types of RNA
A
mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
10
Q
mRNA is an abbreviation for
A
Messenger RNA
11
Q
tRNA is an abbreviation for
A
Transfer RNA
12
Q
rRNA is an abbreviation for
A
Ribosomal RNA
13
Q
What is the job of DNA
A
Pass on genes
14
Q
What helps enzymes differentiate between RNA and DNA?
A
The different bases which have chemical differences
15
Q
Central dogma of biology
A
The theory that states that DNA codes for RNA and RNA codes for proteins
16
Q
Does the central dogma of biology applied everything
A
No In reality it has many exceptions but it is the standard
17
Q
What is RNA’s General job
A
Protein synthesis (Controls the assembly of amino acids into proteins)
18
Q
What is the job of mRNA
A
RNA molecules that carry the complement of the DNA to ribosomes to make proteins
19
Q
What is the job of rRNA
A
Catalyzes proteins synthesis translation and builds peptide bonds
Make subunits of ribosomes
holds ribosomal proteins in place
helps locate beginning mRNA message
20
Q
What is the job of tRNA
A
transfer an amino acid from the cytoplasmic pool of amino acids to grow the polpeptide in a ribosome. tRNA enables translation of mRNA codon into a certain amino acid
21
Q
What is on the top of the tRNA molecule
A
Amino acid attachment site
22
Q
What is at the bottom of the tRNA
A
Anti-codons that pair with the bases on the mRNA molecule
23
Q
Another name for transcription is
A
RNA synthesis
24
Q
Where does transcription take place in eukaryotes
A
Nucleus
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Transcription
Where are most of the production of RNA takes place
segments of DNA service templates to produce complementary RNA molecules
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Where does transcription take place in prokaryotes and why
Cytoplasm bc they dont have a nuclear envelope
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What enzyme is needed in transcription
RNA polymerase
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RNA polymerase
Is similar to DNA polymerase
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What direction does RNA polymerase work in
Five prime to three prime
(But the mRNA molecule works on goes from three prime to five prime)
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How many steps are in transcription
2
31
What are the two steps of transcription
1) RNA polymerase binds to the promoter
2) The RNA polymerase separates the DNA strand and uses one strand of DNA as a template to form a complementary strand of RNA by connecting the corresponding bases
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Promoter region
Regions of DNA that have specific basically says which indicates where RNA polymerase should start making RNA bc it has the starting point
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What is the intermediate step between transcription and translation
RNA processing
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In what type of cell does RNA processing take place in
Only eukaryotes
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Where does RNA processing take place
Nucleus
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How many steps does RNA processing have
3
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What are the three steps of RNA processing
1) mRNA splicing
2) 5’ cap
3) poly-a-tail
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mRNA splicing
Cutting out the junk mRNA created during transcription
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How many steps does mRNA splicing have
2
40
What are the two steps of mRNA splicing
1) Nuclease takes away introns to make DNA legible
2) The remaining pieces of mRNA (exons) are sliced back together to form the final mRNA
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Ribonucleotide
Individual monomer of RNA (Nucleotides for RNA)
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Nuclease
Enzyme that breaks down nucleic acids into nucleotides
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Introns
Junk mRNA that is cut out in mRNA splicing 
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Exons
MRNA left behind when introns are cut out
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________ never serve as ______ but ______ can sometimes service ______
Introns exons exons introns 
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Introns and exons play a role in evolution because of
Slight changes in forms of mRNA
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During mRNA spicing mRNA is known as
Nuclear RNA
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5’ cap
Adding a tri phosphate G nucleotide in the opposite direction to the five prime end of the mRNA
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What is the purpose of the five prime cap
Tricks the enzyme that chops up DNA so that it doesn’t
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What is another purpose of the Five prime cap
It is also helpful so that ribosomes recognize the mRNA so they can attach to the mRNA for translation
51
Poly means
Many
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The a in poly-a-tail stands for
Adenine
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Poly-a-tail
Add hundreds of adenines (unimportant nucleotides) to block Nuclease from chopping useful DNA on the three prime end
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The sequence of nucleotide bases in an mRNA molecule is a set of instruction that gives
The order in which amino acid should be joined to form a polypeptide chain
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what did the beedle and Tatum experience try to prove
tried to prove that every gene codes for a specific enzyme
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beedle and Tatum experiment
experiment where they worked with bread mold and exposed them to x-rays to create mutants (bad enzymes) that have diff mutations in diff genes to see what mutation causes the arginine to not grow
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What are the main steps of transcription
1) DNA codes for mRNA
2) RNA --> polypeptide chain
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why and what did beedle and tatum experiment
genes code for enzymes bc if there is no gene (bc mutation) then there is no enzyme to grow arginine
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MM stands for
minimal amt
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MM meaning
everythig (minimal) needed to grow arginine
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path of peoples beliefs of how DNA codes for life and stuff
1 gene : 1 enzyme --> 1 gene: 1 polypeptide --> 1 gene: 1 polypeptude chain
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how did this theory (1 gene : 1 enzyme --> 1 gene: 1 peptide --> 1 gene: 1 polypeptide chain) come to be
ppl discovered that proteins can be other things than enzymes and they also discovvered that a gene can code for a polyppeptide chain bc proteins can be made of multiple polypeptides
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transcription
the synthesis of RNA using information in DNA
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translation
produces mRNA. Translation is the synthesis of a polypeptide, using information in the mRNA.
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way to remember the difference between transcription and translation
transcript: DNA --> RNA are the same language
translate: RNA --> proteins are diff languages
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transcription overview steps
1) DNA --> pre-mRNA
2 )RNA processing to make mRNA
3) go to nucleus
4) mRNA-->polypeptide
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Triplet
DNA codes that are always written in three
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Codon
three consecutive mRNA bases
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pair for RNA
U and A
G and C
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Anticodon
tRNA bases which complement codons and are always in groups of three
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___ DNA bases, ___ mRNA bases, ___ tRNA = ___ amino acid
3,3,3,1
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genetic code
language of DNA, mRNA, tRNA
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How many strands are transcribed explain
1 strand PER GENE bc complementary DNA so the other one is js copied
** doesn’t always have to be me whole strand can js be one gene and the other strand has another gene
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Promoter region located where
Segment if dna before transcription unit on the 5'end
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Terminator
Segment of DNA where transcription stops
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Where is terminator located
Transcription unit
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Transcription factor proteins
Proteins that locate the promoter region and grab other factors and also other factors and also RNA polymerase to make the transcription initiation complex
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Termination of transcription in prokaryotes
RNA polymerase stops at the terminator and makes mRNA
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Termination of transcription in eukaryotes
RNA passes by the terminator one more time and then another TATA box and a few more bases and then it stops and makes mRNA
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Ribozyme
RNA catalysts (like how enzymes are protein catalysts) that they catalyze their own reactions
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snRNA
Small nuclear RNA
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One gene codes for on polypeptide chain. True or false
False can be multiple
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Spliceosome
they have snRNPs tat recognize the introns so they know where to cut the DNA and then they also stick the exons together
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transcription factor
DNA binding proteins that control the expression of genes
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what is the part of the snRNP that recognizes the intro
the RNA
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TATA box
short region of DNA that is located about 20 - 30 base pairs away from the start gene containing the sequence TATATA…. or TATAAAAA….
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what is the function of the TATA box
binds a protein that helps position RNA polymerase by marking a point just before the beginning of a gene
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examples of transcription factor
the one that recognizes the TATA box
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transcription initiation complex
its a thingie thats made of transcription factors and RNA polymerase that binds to the promoter region to start transcription
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aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase
an enzyme that joins each amino acid to the appropriate tRNA; theres a diff one for each amino acid
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what is aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase powered by
ATP
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what is protein synthesis powereed by
hydrolyzation of GTP
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translation initiation complex
Consists of mRNA, tRNA (holding the first amino acid of the polypeptide), the small ribosomal subunit, and the attachment of a large ribosomal subunit.
