The Work of Gregor Mendel

Question 1

Heredity

Answer 1

the delivery and inheritance of characteristics from parent to offspring

Question 2

Genetics

Answer 2

scientific study of heredity

Question 3

What is important to understanding what makes each organism unique

Answer 3

study of genetics

Question 4

What was Mendel known as

Answer 4

“Father of Modern Genetics “

Question 5

Was Mendel recognized while he was still alive

Answer 5

no he was recognized after death

Question 6

What did Mendel study?

Answer 6

cross breeding (cross-fertilization) by performing biological experiments on peas in his garden and the traits of pea plants

Question 7

Why did Mendel choose to study pea plants?

Answer 7

bc they are small, easy to grow, true breeding, and self hereditary

Question 8

True - breeding plants

Answer 8

Organisms that will always have the same traits; throughout all generations

Question 9

Self Hereditary

Answer 9

plants that create their own sperm

Question 10

Model System

Answer 10

systems that are convenient to study and may tell us how other organisms, including humans actually function

Question 11

How many characteristics did each of the 7 traits that Mendel studied have?

Answer 11

2 (ex: yellow and green —- for color )

Question 12

What is the first generation of plants called

Answer 12

paréntis (P)
[parents in latin]

Question 13

What is the second generation of plants called

Answer 13

Filius (F)
[sons in latin]

Question 14

What is the third generation of plants called

Answer 14

Filius 2
(F2)

Question 15

Fertilization

Answer 15

when male and female reproductive cells join in sexual reproduction

Question 16

In flowers, what contains sperm

Answer 16

pollen

Question 17

In flowers, what contains the eggs

Answer 17

pistil

Question 18

What does the pollen in the pistil create

Answer 18

an embryo encased in a seed

Question 19

Another term for self hereditary

Answer 19

self pollinating

Question 20

Trait

Answer 20

a specific characteristic (height, seed, color, etc.) of an individual

Question 21

Genes

Answer 21

factors that are passed from parent to offspring and are formed by a pair of two alternative alleles

Question 22

Alleles

Answer 22

the different forms of genes ( T, t ) that exist in pairs

Question 23

How many traits of pea plants did Mendel study?

Answer 23

7

Question 24

What are the unit factors in postulate 1

Answer 24

genes

Question 25

Test Cross

Answer 25

technique used to determine if organisms are homozygous dominant or heterozygous dominant

Question 26

Test crosses prevent ____-_____ and utilize _____-______

Answer 26

self-pollination; cross-pollination

Question 27

How many steps does cross pollination in plants have?

Answer 27

2

Question 28

How many parents does an offspring from cross pollination have?

Answer 28

2

Question 29

What are the steps of cross pollination?

Answer 29

1) Cut pollen-bearing parts of flower 2) Dust pollen on a different organism's pistils

Question 30

Hybrids

Answer 30

the offspring of crosses between parents with different traits

Question 31

All of Mendel's F1 plants had the traits of ____ parent

Answer 31

one

Question 32

Which postulate formed the current understanding of inheritance?

Answer 32

Postulate 1

Question 33

Postulate 1

Answer 33

Genetic factors (TRAITS) are controlled by unit factors (GENES) that exist in pairs (ALLELES)

Question 34

Postulate 1 is aka

Answer 34

Unit factors are formed in pairs

Question 35

Postulate 2

Answer 35

some alleles are dominant and others recessive and dominant traits always suppress the recessive from appearing.

Question 36

What is postulate aka?

Answer 36

Dominant and Recessive

Question 37

Dominant alleles

Answer 37

alleles which trait will always be expressed if present

Question 38

Recessive alleles

Answer 38

An allele whose phenotypic effect is not observed in a heterozygote

Question 39

Why are some alleles dominant and others recessive?

Answer 39

Because dominant alleles have more proteins than recessive

Question 40

Segregation

Answer 40

separation of expression of alleles

Question 41

Why does segregation occur?

Answer 41

The alleles for the different traits separated during the formation of gametes

Question 42

At the end of segregation, each gamete carries ____ allele for each gene

Answer 42

one

Question 43

Cross fertilization

Answer 43

the fusion of male and female gametes from different individuals of the same species

Question 44

Hybridization

Answer 44

In genetics, the mating, or crossing, of two true breeding varieties (refers to organisms that produce offspring of the same variety over many generations of self-pollination).

Question 45

Gene

Answer 45

the specific trait (like pea color, length, etc. etc.)

Question 46

P

Answer 46

Parental generation

Question 47

What kind of breeding did the P generation have

Answer 47

true breeding

Question 48

F1 Generation

Answer 48

the first generation

Question 49

True breeding

Answer 49

breeding with only homozygous traits

Question 50

F2 generation

Answer 50

second generation

Question 51

How many types of alleles are there and wht are they

Answer 51

2 (dominant and recessive)

Question 52

Heterozygous

Answer 52

having two different alleles for one given gene

Question 53

Homozygous

Answer 53

having 2 identical alleles for a given gene

Question 54

Law of Segregation

Answer 54

during gamete formation, 2 ALLELES of 1 GENE will separate randomly into different gametes which means that each gamete will only get 1 ALLELE

Question 55

the law of segregation deals with what

Answer 55

one trait (one gene)

Question 56

Test Cross technique -- how is it done

Answer 56

when an organism with an unknown genotype is crossed with a homozygougous recessive to see what the original genotype was

Question 57

Monohybrid

Answer 57

an organism that is heterozygous with respect to a single gene of interest (in terms of hair its Bb)

Question 58

All the offspring from a cross between parents homozygous for different alleles are ____

Answer 58

monohybrids

Question 59

dihybrid

Answer 59

organism that is heterozygous with respect to two genes of interest (length and color -- TtPp)

Question 60

All the offspring from a cross between parents doubly homozygous for different alleles are _____

Answer 60

dihybrids

Question 61

Law of Indendent Assortment

Answer 61

during gamete formation, the alleles of DIFFERENT genes segregate independently of each other

Question 62

Significance of law of segregation

Answer 62

makes sure that each gamete only has one allele from a pair

Question 63

when does the law of segregation occur

Answer 63

during meiosis when the homologous chromosomes separate

Question 64

9:3:3:1

Answer 64

the phenotypic ratio that is typically ovserved in the offspring of a dihybrid cross

Question 65

What do the numbers mean in 9:3:3:1

Answer 65

9 dom/dom, 3 dom/rec, 3 rec/dom, 1 rec/rec

Question 66

Postulate 3

Answer 66

law of segregation