General Flashcards
1
Q
Veterinarians can cause iatrogenic infections.
A
T
2
Q
Arthropod borne infections are direct infections
A
F
3
Q
Arthropod born infections are indirect infections
A
T
4
Q
Arthropods can be involved in indirect infections.
A
T
5
Q
Venereal infections is a direct infection
A
T
6
Q
In the case of iatrogenic infections the infective agents are transmitted by the veterinarian
A
T
7
Q
Drinking water cannot transmit infective agents since it is hypoosmotic
A
F
8
Q
In case of direct infection tissues of the infected animal are contacted with tissues of the host
A
T
9
Q
In the case of aerogenic infection the agents are transmitted with air
A
T
10
Q
Aerogenic infection is a form of direct infection
A
F
11
Q
Infective agents cannot survive in the soil, so soil cannot be a source of infection
A
F
12
Q
Direct infection happens when infected animals pass the infection with water
A
F
13
Q
The arthropod is a true vector, if it brings the pathogen into a susceptible animal
A
F
14
Q
The arthropod is a true vector, if the pathogen also replicates in the susceptible animal.
A
T
15
Q
The arthropod is a true vector, if it propagates in the pathogen Should be if pathogen replicates in arthropod?
A
T
16
Q
The arthropod is a true vector, if it can take the pathogen to a further distance
A
F
17
Q
Infection cannot happen through water since bacteria and viruses are inactivated in water
A
F
18
Q
Meat is never involved in transmission of infections since fermentation of meat kills agents
A
F
19
Q
Some infective agents are transmitted with eggs
A
T
20
Q
Germinative infection is more frequent in birds than in mammals
A
T
21
Q
Germinative infection is very frequent in mammals
A
F
22
Q
Germinative infection is seen in mammals
A
T
23
Q
Mammals can infect their offspring through milk
A
T
24
Q
New-born animals cannot be infected from the milk thanks to the colostral antibodies
A
F
25
Intrauterine infection happens if the foetus is infected during pregnancy from the dam
T
26
Vertical infection does not occur in mammals
F
27
Horizontally infections happen only in birds
F
28
Germinative infection is frequent in mammals, it will result in malformation of the foetuses
F
29
Galactogen infection cannot happen when the animals receive colostrum, since the antibodies in the colostrum prevent it
F
30
In the case of horizontal infection animals in the same group infect each other.
T
31
Intra uterine infection can occur in pregnant animals
T
32
Germinative infection can happen in birds.
T
33
Galactogen infection is a form of horizontal infections
F
34
If the dam infects newborn animals, we speak about horizontal infection
F
35
Germinative infection can occur mainly in mammals
F
36
In the case of galactogen infection the agent is transmitted by milk
T
37
In the case of horizontal infection the agent is spreading between animals of about the same age.
T
38
Horizontal infection does not occur in mammals.
F
39
Vertical infection does not occur in mammals
F
40
Germinative infection does not occur in mammals
F
41
Galactogen infection does not occur in mammals
F
42
In germinative infection, the placenta is infected by the mother during pregnancy.
F
43
Germinative infection is a rare form of horizontal infection
F
44
In germinative infection, the newborn is infected through the milk
F
45
Zoonotic agents can cause disease in animals and humans
T
46
In the case of cyclozoonoses arthropods are responsible for maintaining the infections
F Cyclozoonoses require more than 1 vertebrate but no invertebrate host
47
If agents are passed from animals to humans, we speak about zoonosis
T
48
If humans infect animals we speak about metazoonoses.
F Metazoonoses require both a vertebrate and invertebrate as part of life cycle
49
Cyclozoonoses require an arthropod for transmission.
F
50
In the case of zoonotic diseases animals and humans can infect each other
T
51
In the case of saprozoonoses animals and humans are infected from the same source
T Requires both a vertebrate host and a nonanimal reservoir or developmental site for completion of its life cycle
52
In case of secondary infection, a bacterium infects an individual, which is already infected with a pathogen
T
53
In case of secondary infection, a new pathogen infects an already cured animal
F
54
In case of secondary infection, two pathogens infect the host simultaneously
F
55
In case of secondary infection, one of the agents is always a virus
F
56
Facultative pathogenic agents are helped by predisposing factors
T
57
Stenoxen agents have a wide host range
F
58
Euryxen agents have a wide host range
T
59
An euryxen agent can infect several host species
T
60
There is no minimum number of agents necessary to infection, because they can replicate in the host
F
61
Mutations generally result decrease of the virulence
T
62
Immunogenicity of the different agents is different
T
63
There is a minimum number of each agent that is necessary to infect animals
T
64
A minimum amount of bacteria or viruses is needed to a successful infection
T
65
Virulence of an agent can be characterized with its LD50 value
T
66
Pathogenicity means the ability of the agent to cause disease
T
67
Virulence means the level of pathogenicity
T
68
The amount of the agent does not influence the outcome of the infection, since it can replicate in the host
F
69
In the case of optimal way of infection the least amount of agent can cause disease.
T
70
The virulence of the agents is connected to virulence factors.
T
71
Virulence is a stable characteristic of an agent
F
72
The way of the infection (entrance of the agents) can influence its outcome
T
73
Virulence of a bacterium or virus can be changed spontaneously.
T
74
In case of a secondary infection the agent complicates a primary infection
T
75
Virulence of a bacterium or virus can be changed
T
76
The virulence factors help the agents in causing disease
T
77
Virulence variants can occur within a bacterium or virus species
T
78
Pathogenic variants can occur within a bacterium or virus species.
T
79
Species specific resistance can be overcome by increasing the number of agents
F
80
Within a pathogenic species no avirulent strains can occur
F
81
Foetuses can have active immune response
T
82
Newborn animals have local immune response
T
83
Foetuses do not have immune reactions
F
84
Fetuses have no active immune response
F
85
The skin, mucous membranes and mucous are parts of the non specific resistance system of the host
T
86
The normal microflora of the gut is essential for animals; they cannot live without
F
87
Foetuses have no immune response; they appear only in 2-4 week old animals
F
88
The age of the animals does not influence their susceptibility to a certain agent
F
89
Susceptibility to a disease can be influenced by age
T
90
Certain medicines and agents can decrease the protection of the hosts
T
91
Species specific resistance means that certain agents cannot infect certain hosts
T
92
Species related resistance means that certain agents cannot cause infection in resistant host species.
T
93
Animals cannot be infected with certain agents if they have species specific resistance
T
94
Certain animal species are resistant against certain agents
T
95
Chicken embryos are able to produce an immune response
T
96
Cellular immune response is very important in the case of viral diseases
T
97
Gastric juice can protect the host from infections
T
98
From 2nd trimester of pregnancy, the foetus produces an immune response against any antigen
F
99
There is no immune response in the foetus, only from 4 weeks after birth
F
100
Unfavourable environmental effects can predispose animals to diseases caused by facultative pathogenic agents
T
101
Nutrition of the animals can influence the appearance of infectious diseases
T
102
Environmental effects can influence the survival of the agents in the environment
T
103
Mycotoxins can suppress the activity of the immune system
T
104
Certain mycotoxins have immune suppressive effect
T
105
Overcrowding can help the spreading of several infectious diseases
T
106
Deserts can inhibit the spreading of several infectious diseases
T
107
**Viruses** causing generalised diseases generally replicate at the place of entry and in the regional lymph nodes.
T
108
The lesions are at the place of entry of the agent in the case of local infections.
T
109
In the case of a local infection the site of entry and the lesions are at the same place
T
110
Lesions can be seen in different organs in the case of generalised diseases
T
111
Intra uterine infection can result immune tolerance in the case of some diseases
T
112
Intra uterine infection can result embryonic death in the case of some diseases
T
113
Intra uterine infection does not occur since the placenta protects the foetus
F
114
Fetuses cannot be infested since the placenta completely isolates them
F
115
The incubation time is the time between the appearance of the clinical signs and death of the animal
F
116
The incubation time is the time between infection and the appearance of clinical signs
T
117
The incubation time lasts from the infection till the manifestation of the clinical signs.
T
118
Some infective agents have immunosuppressive effect
T
119
Some infective agents can cause malformation of fetuses
T
120
Subacute diseases last one or 2 days
F
121
Intra uterine infections does not occur in mammals since the agents cannot penetrate the placenta
F
122
In the case of local infections the lesions can be seen at the site of entry.
T
123
In the case of generalised infections the agent is generally spreading with blood
T
124
In the case of generalised infections the placenta prevents the infection of the foetus
F
125
Some agents can spread along the nerves
T
126
The agent does not replicate in dead end hosts
F
127
Dead end hosts do not show clinical signs, they die without signs
F
128
In the case of latent infection the agents are continuously shed
F
129
Latent infection happens when the genome of the agent is integrated in the genome of the host
T
130
In latent infection, there is no virus shedding.
T
131
Abortion is the main clinical sign of abortive infections
F
132
The animals do not carry the agent after recovery from an infectious disease because the immune system eliminates it.
F
133
Tolerated infections result in high level of immune reaction
F
134
Infection before self-recognition of the immune system can result tolerated infections
T
135
Infected animals have a high level of antibodies in the case of tolerated infections
F
136
The agent is not shed in the case of inapparent infections
F
137
Dead end hosts do not shed the agent
T
138
Asymptomatic infections can become manifest
T
139
Formation of immune complexes can be a consequence of persistent viral infection
T
140
When the clinical signs disappear, shedding the agent is finished
F
141
In the case of an abortive infection no clinical signs will be seen
F
142
In the case of latent infection only mild clinical signs will be seen
F
143
Animals with tolerated infection shed the agent
T
144
Only animals showing clinical signs can shed infective agents
F
145
In case of inapparent infections no clinical signs can be seen
T
146
Latent infection is common in the case of Gram-positive bacteria
F
147
In the case of inapperent infections seropositivity can be seen
T
148
Inapparent infections cannot be detected in laboratory examinations.
F
149
In case of abortive infection, the animal always aborts
F
150
In case of subclinical infection, the animals can shed the agent
T
151
Tolerated infection can be demonstrated only by serology
F
152
Abortive infection can be demonstrated only by serology.
T
153
During a tolerated infection the animals are seropositive
F
154
In the case of latent infection no clinical signs can be seen
F
155
Asymptomatic infections cannot be manifest
T
156
Animals do not carry the agents after recovery from an infectious disease
F
157
Mortality shows the percentage of dead animals compared to the size of the herd
T
158
Mortality show what proportion of the diseased animals die.
F
159
Morbidity shows the percentage of dead animals compared to the size of the herd
F
160
Lethality shows the percentage of dead animals compared to the number of diseased ones
T
161
Lethality shows the number of died animals compared to the total number of the herd
F
162
Prevalence shows the number of diseased animals compared to the total number of the herd
F
163
Mortality shows the proportion of dead animals compared to the number of diseases ones.
F
164
Monitoring is routine collection of data on a disease
T
165
Pandemic diseases are fast spreading ones; they are fast transmitted between continents
T
166
Pandemic diseases are spreading fast around the Earth
T
167
Pandemic disease occurs in large areas, continents.
T
168
Endemic diseases occur in a small, limited area including a farm, some farms or a village
T
169
Epidemic diseases are fast spreading; they are fast transmitted between continents
F
170
Pandemic diseases have no tendency to spread
F
171
Epidemic diseases are spreading in a larger geographical area e.g. in several countries
T
172
Contagious diseases are spreading from one animal to the other
T
173
Lethality shows the ratio of dead animals and the total stock
F
174
Hemagglutination inhibition test is used for the detection of antigens of certain agents
F
175
Genome of agents is detected with PCR
T
176
Antigens of certain agents can be detected using PCR
F
177
Surface antigens of certain agents are detected with ELIZA or PCR
F
178
Infective agents can be detected 2-3days after infection using serological tests
F
179
Virus Neutralisation test is used for the detection of antigens of the virus
F
180
Serological tests are used for the detection of antibodies
T
181
MATSA is used in laboratory diagnosis
T
182
MATSA is a form of disease
F
183
Microscopic detection of agents is not used in diagnostic work anymor
F
184
If an animal is infected laboratory tests always detect the agent
F
185
The phase of the pathogenicity can influence the sensitivity of the laboratory tests
T
186
Using serological tests, we detect the antibodies produced against the agent.
T
187
Using virus neutralization test we detect the antibodies produced against the agent
T
188
Polymerase chain reaction is used for the detection of antigens of the agent.
F
189
Post mortem lesions help in setting up a preliminary diagnosis
T
190
Epidemiological data help in setting up a preliminary diagnosis
T
191
Microscopic examination of samples is not used in the diagnosis of infectious diseases any more
F i think
192
Antibacterial treatment is forbidden in the EU in the case of viral diseases
F
193
Individual and mass treatment can be combined in the case of some infectious diseases
T
194
Hyperimmune serum can be used for aetiological treatment of certain diseases
T
195
No aetiological treatment is available in the case of viral diseases
F
196
Mass treatment using antibiotics is not allowed in the EU
F
197
Antibiotics can be used for the aetiological treatment in case of bacterial disease
T
198
All bacterial agents can be eradicated with antibiotic treatment
F
199
Antibacterial treatment is used in the case of viral diseases in order to prevent bacterial complications
T
200
Antibiotics are used for the treatment of some viral diseases to prevent secondary infections
T
201
Antibiotics are generally used to the aetiological treatment of diseases caused by bacteria
T
202
Use of antibiotics in the case of diseases caused by viruses is not allowed because of antibiotic resistance
F
203
Treatment of certain infectious diseases is prohibited
T
204
Symptomatic treatment is recommended because it can support healing of the diseased animals
T
205
In case of viral diseases, no antibiotics are given
F
206
Antibiotics may be used only until the disappearance of the clinical signs
F
207
Only diseased animals have to be treated with antibiotics to prevent resistance
F
208
There is no anti-viral therapy
F
209
Aetiological treatment with anti-bacterial is done, in the case of bacterial diseases
T
210
Using hyperimmune sera is usually not justifiable
T
211
In case of import of animals into a farm, animals in the quarantine must be tested for infections
T
212
In case of import of animals into a farm, animals in the quarantine must only be observed, there is nothing to do with them if they do not show clinical signs
F
213
Only eggs from the same flock are allowed to be hatches in one hatching machine
T
214
Eggs of different species can be hatched together; they cannot infect each other thanks to the different hatching time
F
215
All-in-all-out is an important principle in prevention of infectious diseases
T
216
Isolation of age groups is an important way of prevention of infectious diseases
T
217
All-in-all-out principle is a general epidemiological rule
T
218
Isolated keeping of different animal species can prevent the spreading of infectious diseases
T
219
Isolated keeping of different age groups of the same species cannot prevent spreading of infectious diseases since all animals of the same species are susceptible to the same agents
F
220
Day-old birds cannot be infected in the hatchery because they are protected by yolk Immunity.
F
221
The immunoglobulin content of the colostrum is continuously decreasing after farrowing
T
222
Maternal antibodies can inhibit the active immune response.
T
223
There is no maternal protection in birds
F
224
Maternal protection occurs only in mammals
F
225
Colostrum is the main way of maternal protection in the case of animals with epitheliochorial placenta
T
226
The half-life of the heterologous hyperimmune serum is about 7-10 days
T
227
The half-life of the heterologous hyperimmune serum is about 2-3 weeks
T
228
Animals having epitheliochorial placenta receive maternal antibodies only through the placenta
F
229
Animals having epitheliochorial placenta receive maternal antibodies only through the colostrum
T
230
Enteral lymphocytes of the dam can be transferred to the offspring in colostrum
T
231
The immunoglobulin content of the colostrum is influenced by the nutrition of the dam
T
232
The protein and antibody content of the colostrum is stable in the first week after calving
F
233
Absorption of maternal antibodies from the colostrum in the first three days is not changing
F
234
Colostrum is not important in protection of calves since the antibodies can go through the placenta
F
235
Colostrum is the only way of receiving maternal protection in calves
T
236
The immunoglobulin content of the colostrum is not changed in the first week after birth
F
237
Calves can absorb maternal antibodies for a week after birth
F
238
Maternal antibodies can inhibit certain immunization
T
239
New-born animals cannot be infected from the milk thanks to the colostral antibodies.
F
240
The colostrum contains maternal lymphocytes
T
241
The protein content of the colostrum remains high for the first two weeks after giving birth
F
242
The immune globulin content of the colostrum remains high for the first week after giving birth.
F
243
The enteral absorption of immune globulins is decreasing after birth
T
244
Maternal antibodies can decrease the efficacy of vaccination.
T
245
The immune globulin concentration of the colostrum decreases sharply after birth
T
246
The enteral absorption of immunoglobulins is about the same for a week after birth
F
247
The maternal antibodies can decrease the immune response against vaccines
T
248
Enteral lymphocytes can get from the dam to the newborn animal with colostrum
T
249
The endotheliochorial placenta prevents the transport of immunoglobulins to the foetus
F
250
Homologous hyperimmune serum can provide about a year-long protection
F
251
Strains used in marker vaccines can be differentiated from the field strains.
T
252
Avirulent strains can be used in live vaccines
T
253
The health state of the vaccinated animals can influence the efficacy of the vaccination
T
254
Adjuvants in vaccines increase the shelf life of vaccines
F
255
Inactivated vaccines contain inactivated bacterial toxins
T
256
The method of vaccination has no effect on the efficacy of the vaccination
F
257
Adjuvants in vaccines increase the efficacy of vaccines
T
258
Attenuated strains can be used in live vaccines.
T
259
Deletion vaccines can only be used as live vaccines
F
260
Inactivated vaccines can contain the whole agents or their components
T
261
The colostral immunoglobulins have no effect on the vaccination of the new born animals
F
262
DIVA principle can only be used if the animals are vaccinated with deletion vaccines
F
263
According to DIVA principle, infected and vaccinated animals can be differentiated
T
264
Subunit vaccines contain only antigens of the agents
T
265
Certain parts of the genome are missing from deletion vaccine strains
T
266
Some genes are missing from the strains included in deletion vaccines
T
267
For safety reasons only inactivated vaccines are used
F
268
Live vaccines can contain strains with lower virulence
T
269
Live vaccines always contain avirulent agents
F
270
Live vaccines are less effective than the inactivated ones
F
271
Live vaccines are dangerous, they are not on the market any more
F
272
Live vaccines are not used in Europe any more
F
273
Live vaccines do not provide good immunity
F
274
Marker vaccines are used to mark the site of vaccination
F
275
It is not allowed to use inactivated deletion vaccines in the EU
F
276
Live vaccines contain attenuated or avirulent agents
T
277
The agent in a vaccine can influence the level of the immune response of vaccinated animals.
T
278
If deletion vaccines are used, vaccinated and infected animals can be differentiated
T
279
Using marker vaccines, vaccinated and infected animals can be differentiated.
T
280
Use of marker vaccines can be combined with "test and remove" eradication
T
281
Marker vaccines are marked with dyes
F
282
The immune response produced by an attenuated vaccine is low
F
283
Some attenuated vaccine strains can be immunosuppressive
T
284
Attenuated vaccines induce a quick immune response
T
285
Vaccines containing attenuated strains are not used anymore
F
286
The amount of antigen in the vaccine has no effect on the efficacy of the vaccine
F
287
Eradication with selection method is not done nowadays
F
288
Newborn animals must be kept isolated when eradication with generation shift is used
T
289
Eradication with generation shift cannot be used if the level of infection is high in the herd
F
290
Eradication using generation shift method is mainly used in Poultry
F
291
Implantation of washed embryos from a non infected dam into infected one is a way of eradication
F
292
Implantation of washed embryos from a infected dam into non-infected one is a way of eradication
T
293
Eradication using the generation shift method is mainly used in pig herds
F
294
In the case of generation shift the infected animals must be slaughtered at the beginning of the eradication procedure
F
295
Eradication using selection method can be combined with vaccination
T
296
In the case of generation shift the young animals must be isolated from the dam at the age of 1-3 days
T
297
Eradication using the selection method is generally implemented in case of low level of infection
T
298
When eradication is made with selection method, the infected animals are removed from the herd
T
299
Selection, generation shift and herd replacement can be used for eradication
T
300
Eradication using generation shift can be used in cattle herds
T
301
Caesarean section is the only way of birth when eradication is carried out using the SPF method
F
302
Certain diseases can be eradicated with generation shift
T
303
Herd replacement is the cheapest way of eradication of a disease
F
304
Selection (test and slaughter) is a method of eradiation of a disease
T
305
Selection method can be used for eradication of infectious diseases, when we remove infected animals
T
306
In the case of generation shift, newborn animals are separated from the dam and kept isolated.
T
307
Embryo transfer cannot be used for eradication, since the embryo can be infected.
F
308
The selection method cannot be combined vaccination
F
309
Test and slaughter as an eradication method can be used in case of low level of infection
T
310
There is no agent which can be eradicated by antibiotic treatment
T
311
In the case of generation shift newborn animals have to be kept isolated from the parent animals
T
312
In the case of herd replacement, the herd is replaced with infection-free animals
T
313
In the case of selection method of eradication the infected animals are taken out of the herd
T
314
If eradication is made by selection method, vaccination is forbidden.
F
315
Early weaning is necessary if generation shift method of eradication is used
T
316
Generation shift is a frequently used eradication method in swine
F
317
Generation shift is a method of eradication of a disease.
T
318
In eradication by selective breeding, the seropositive animals are eliminated
T
319
In eradication by selective breeding, only the animals shedding the bacteria are eliminated
F
320
In eradication by selective breeding, vaccination cannot be used
F
321
Eradication by selective breeding is not used anymore
F
322
Selection (test and remove) is not used to eradicate a disease anymore
F
