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Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

Genetics

A

the study of
heredity and variation
of living organisms and
how genetic information
is passed from each
generation

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2
Q

Somatic cell

A

a plant
or animal cell that
forms the body of the
organism; excludes
reproductive cells

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3
Q

Chromosome

A

Structure in nucleus containing DNA

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4
Q

Sister chromatid

A

one of
two chromosomes that
are genetically identical
and held together at the centromere

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5
Q

Centromere

A

the
region where two
sister chromatids are
held together in a
chromosome

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6
Q

Spindle fiber

A

microtubule structure
that facilitates
the movement of
chromosomes within
a cell

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7
Q

Centrosome

A

Structure that helps to form spindle fibers

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8
Q

Genome

A

Complete DNA sequence of an organism

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9
Q

Sex chromosome

A

X or Y chromosome that determines gender

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10
Q

autosome

A

Not involved in determining gender

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11
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

Chromosome w/ same sequence of genes as another chromosome

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12
Q

Gene

A

Part of chromosome that is responsible for expression of a trait and is passed on through generations; has specific sequence of DNA

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13
Q

Allele

A

Different form of the same gene

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14
Q

Karyotype

A

Image of homologous pairs of chromosomes

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15
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

One parent, creates identical offspring

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16
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

Requires 2 parent cells, creates genetically unique offspring

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17
Q

gamete

A

Male or female reproductive cell

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18
Q

zygote

A

cell formed from fusion of gametes

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19
Q

Fertilization

A

Joining of male and female haploid gametes

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20
Q

Haploid

A

Cell with half of chromosomes as the parent cells

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21
Q

Diploid

A

Cell with homologous pairs of chromosomes

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22
Q

Meiosis

A

-Cellular process that produces cells with half the chromosomes as the parent cell
-makes gametes for sex repro

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23
Q

Synapsis

A

Aligning of homologous chromosomes during prophase I

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24
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Process of making sperm

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25
Oogenesis
Process of making eggs
26
Crossing over
Exchange of chromosomal segments between homologous pairs
27
Monosomy
Loss of chromosome during non-disjunction
28
Trisomy
Gain of chromosome due to non-disjunction
29
Cri du Chat
Deletion of chromosome 5
30
Charcot Marie Tooth Disease
Duplication of chromosome 17
31
FG Syndrome
Inversion of a section of the x chromosome
32
Chronic myelogenous leukemia
Translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22
33
Trisomy 21
Down syndrome
34
Trisomy 18
Edward Syndrome
35
Trisomy 13
Patau syndrome
36
XXY
Klinefelter
37
XXX
Triple X
38
XO
Turner Syndrome
39
XYY
Jacobs Syndrome
40
Ploidy
Number sets of chromosomes in a cell
41
Haploid
1 copy of each chromosome (n)
42
Polyploids
More than 2 sets
43
Diploid
2 copies of each chromosome (2n where n= # of different chromosomes)
44
Aneuploid
Abnormal amount
45
Genetic notation
of chromosomes, sex chromosomes, list any missing/added chromosomes w/ pair number eg. 46, xx, female ; normal 45, xo, -23 ; abnormal
46
Mutation
Change in the structure of a gene ; not necessarily good or bad
47
Difference between P and Q arm
P = short, always upwards Q = Long
48
How do scientists examine chromosomes
-banding pattern -Size -Centromere location
49
Where do trisomy/monosomy occur?
Anaphase I or II
50
How many nucleotides in genome
3 billion
51
How many genes in human
21, 000
52
What % of DNA is the same in all humans
99.9%
53
Telomeres
-Stretches of DNA at the end of chromosomes -As we get older, they get short and die/ become inactive (Cell division lmao) -Cancer = speed process of killing them (Uh oh)
54
Tetrad
2 paired homologous pairs of chromosomes
55
Genotype
Genetic make up of an organism
56
Phenotype
appearance of an organism
57
Homozygous
Same allele (GG or gg)
58
Heterozygous
Different alleles (Gg)
59
Fraternal
2 sperms, 2 eggs
60
Identical
1 sperm, 1 egg, divides into 2 early on
61
How sperm made
Sperm = spermatogonium: Spermatogenesis -->4 sperms
62
How ova made
Ovum = Oogonium: Oogenesis --> oocyte + 3 polar bodies
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