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G's Phase 1 > GI/ Liver > Flashcards

GI/ Liver Flashcards

(49 cards)

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1
Q

what cells secrete histamine

A

ECL cells

enterochromaffin cells

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2
Q

What gut cells secrete intrinsic factor and what does it do

A

parietal cells, aids in Vit B12 absorption for iron absorption

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3
Q

what nerve is stimulated in the cephalic and gastric phases and what does it do?

A

vagus, gastric acid secretion

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4
Q

What happens during the gastric phase of digestion

A

Gastrin is released from G cells to stimulate Parietal cell release of HCl and histamine

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5
Q

at what pH is gastric acid secretion halted

A

<2.5

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6
Q

What increases gastric contractions

A

gastrin and distention

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7
Q

how is BMI calculated

A

weight/height^2

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8
Q

what is the average basal metabolic rate

A

24kcal / kg / day

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9
Q

which vitamins are fat soluble

A

A, D, E, K, absorbed with fats in the ileum

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10
Q

which vitamins are not fat soluble? where are they absorbed?

A

B C, in the jejunum….apart from B12 which is the terminal ileum with intrinsic factor

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11
Q

where is most water absorbed

A

jejunum ~80%

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12
Q

where are bile salts reabsorbed in the gut

A

ileum

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13
Q

what is a cause of K+ loss

A

diarrhoea

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14
Q

what fetal tissue forms the foregut

A

endoderm

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15
Q

what are kupffer cells, where are they found, and what blastocyst layer are they derived from?

A

macrophages of the liver are found in the sinusoidal lumens and formed from mesoderm

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16
Q

what is a lobule

A

a hexagonal functional unit of the liver
central vein
portal triads branch at each corner

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17
Q

describe the histology of the liver

A

Sinusoids lined by fenestrated epithelium.
-contains kupffer cells
They receive blood from Hepatic artery and portal vein.
They are separated from the hepatocytes by the space of Disse.
Bile canaliculi between hepatocytes - tight and gap junctions and desmosomes - actin pumps bile towards ducts.

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18
Q

What is stored in the liver?

A 
Iron - as ferritin 
Copper - RBC formation + in plasma bound to ceruloplasmin 
Glycogen - stores last around 12 hours 
Vitamins - Fat soluble - A D E K
                - also B12
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19
Q

Name the plasma proteins produced in the liver

A

Albumin
Fibrinogen
Globulin

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20
Q

What is a Xenobiotic?

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A

foreign chemical not normally found or produced in the body and cannot form energy.

21
Q

What is a liver phase 1 reaction

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A

transforms a substance from one type to another

oxidation or hydrolysis

22
Q

what is a phase 2 liver reaction

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A

Conjugation
Excretion
Glucuronidation (addition of glucuronic acid) - makes things hydrophilic

23
Q

Glucose-Alanine cycle

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A

Proteins move from muscles to the liver when glycogen stores are low.
Alanine can be converted to pyruvate in the liver, while pyruvate is converted to alanine in the muscle.

24
Q

explain the urea cycle

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A

Removes excess nitrogen
only produces urea
Arginine > Ornithine > Citrulline

25
Urea cycle | -what gets added to arginine, and what does it produce?
Arginine + H2O (Arginase) > Urea + Ornithine
26
Urea cycle | -what gets added to Ornithine, and what does it produce?
Ornithine + Ammonia + CO2 > Citrulline
27
Urea cycle | -what gets added to Citrulline, and what does it produce?
Citrulline + Ammonia > Arginine
28
What does excess ammonia do to the body?
Neurotoxic | Requires lots of water to excrete > dehydration
29
describe fatty acid absorption
- fats enter intestine - emulsified by bile to form Micelles - Digested into free triglycerides - absorbed into cells - Golgibody combines them with cholesterol to form chylomicrons - move into lacteal system - moved to blood stream - moved to liver - moved to adipocytes as VLDL
30
where is LDL formed
Plasma
31
Where is HDL formed
Liver
32
Where is biliverdin produced and using what enzyme
In the spleen haem is broken down by Haem Oxygenase
33
How is Biliverdin converted to unconjugated bilirubin
In the liver by Biliverdin reductase
34
How is bilirubin conjugated
Glucuronyltransferase enzyme in the liver
35
what proportion of conjugated bilirubin is reabsorbed in the gut? What happens to it?
10% converted to urobilin in the gut and reabsorbed - excreted by kidneys or added to bile
36
When does insulin secretion begin?
20 weeks
37
Where is insulin produced?
Beta cells in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans. Most of the tail is made of these islets, while the body and head are a larger mixture of exocrine and endocrine cell functions
38
what pancreatic cells produce what?
Alpha - glucagon Best - Insulin Delta - Somatostatin
39
What are the acini of the pancreas
exocrine secretory units with no visible lumen
40
what type of epithelium lines the pancreatic ducts?
simple columnar
41
what does aldehyde fuchsin stain?
Beta cells of the pancreas blue
42
What enzymes cleaves peptide bonds?
trypsin (active), chymotrypsin (inactive precursor), and elastase
43
What enzymes cleave amino acids from their protein C-terminals
carboxypeptidase
44
what proportion of the pancreas is exocrine (by mass)?
90-95%
45
what is a zymogen
inactive precursor enzyme
46
What is secretin released in response to?
Acid
47
What is CCK released in response to?
Fats, Protein, and nervous input
48
what stimulates HCO3- (bicarb) to be secreted
Secretin
49
What do PP cells do and where are they?
Pancreatic islets of langerhans | opposite of CCK - relaxes gallbladder, stops enzyme secretion, stops bicarb secretion

G's Phase 1 (11 decks)

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