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G's Phase 1 > GI/ Liver > Flashcards

GI/ Liver Flashcards

1
Q

what cells secrete histamine

A

ECL cells

enterochromaffin cells

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2
Q

What gut cells secrete intrinsic factor and what does it do

A

parietal cells, aids in Vit B12 absorption for iron absorption

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3
Q

what nerve is stimulated in the cephalic and gastric phases and what does it do?

A

vagus, gastric acid secretion

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4
Q

What happens during the gastric phase of digestion

A

Gastrin is released from G cells to stimulate Parietal cell release of HCl and histamine

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5
Q

at what pH is gastric acid secretion halted

A

<2.5

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6
Q

What increases gastric contractions

A

gastrin and distention

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7
Q

how is BMI calculated

A

weight/height^2

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8
Q

what is the average basal metabolic rate

A

24kcal / kg / day

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9
Q

which vitamins are fat soluble

A

A, D, E, K, absorbed with fats in the ileum

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10
Q

which vitamins are not fat soluble? where are they absorbed?

A

B C, in the jejunum….apart from B12 which is the terminal ileum with intrinsic factor

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11
Q

where is most water absorbed

A

jejunum ~80%

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12
Q

where are bile salts reabsorbed in the gut

A

ileum

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13
Q

what is a cause of K+ loss

A

diarrhoea

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14
Q

what fetal tissue forms the foregut

A

endoderm

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15
Q

what are kupffer cells, where are they found, and what blastocyst layer are they derived from?

A

macrophages of the liver are found in the sinusoidal lumens and formed from mesoderm

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16
Q

what is a lobule

A

a hexagonal functional unit of the liver
central vein
portal triads branch at each corner

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17
Q

describe the histology of the liver

A

Sinusoids lined by fenestrated epithelium.
-contains kupffer cells
They receive blood from Hepatic artery and portal vein.
They are separated from the hepatocytes by the space of Disse.
Bile canaliculi between hepatocytes - tight and gap junctions and desmosomes - actin pumps bile towards ducts.

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18
Q

What is stored in the liver?

A 
Iron - as ferritin 
Copper - RBC formation + in plasma bound to ceruloplasmin 
Glycogen - stores last around 12 hours 
Vitamins - Fat soluble - A D E K
                - also B12
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19
Q

Name the plasma proteins produced in the liver

A

Albumin
Fibrinogen
Globulin

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20
Q

What is a Xenobiotic?

A

foreign chemical not normally found or produced in the body and cannot form energy.

21
Q

What is a liver phase 1 reaction

A

transforms a substance from one type to another

oxidation or hydrolysis

22
Q

what is a phase 2 liver reaction

A

Conjugation
Excretion
Glucuronidation (addition of glucuronic acid) - makes things hydrophilic

23
Q

Glucose-Alanine cycle

A

Proteins move from muscles to the liver when glycogen stores are low.
Alanine can be converted to pyruvate in the liver, while pyruvate is converted to alanine in the muscle.

24
Q

explain the urea cycle

A

Removes excess nitrogen
only produces urea
Arginine > Ornithine > Citrulline

25
Q

Urea cycle

-what gets added to arginine, and what does it produce?

A

Arginine + H2O (Arginase) > Urea + Ornithine

26
Q

Urea cycle

-what gets added to Ornithine, and what does it produce?

A

Ornithine + Ammonia + CO2 > Citrulline

27
Q

Urea cycle

-what gets added to Citrulline, and what does it produce?

A

Citrulline + Ammonia > Arginine

28
Q

What does excess ammonia do to the body?

A

Neurotoxic

Requires lots of water to excrete > dehydration

29
Q

describe fatty acid absorption

A
  • fats enter intestine
  • emulsified by bile to form Micelles
  • Digested into free triglycerides
  • absorbed into cells
  • Golgibody combines them with cholesterol to form chylomicrons
  • move into lacteal system
  • moved to blood stream
  • moved to liver
  • moved to adipocytes as VLDL
30
Q

where is LDL formed

A

Plasma

31
Q

Where is HDL formed

A

Liver

32
Q

Where is biliverdin produced and using what enzyme

A

In the spleen haem is broken down by Haem Oxygenase

33
Q

How is Biliverdin converted to unconjugated bilirubin

A

In the liver by Biliverdin reductase

34
Q

How is bilirubin conjugated

A

Glucuronyltransferase enzyme in the liver

35
Q

what proportion of conjugated bilirubin is reabsorbed in the gut? What happens to it?

A

10% converted to urobilin in the gut and reabsorbed - excreted by kidneys or added to bile

36
Q

When does insulin secretion begin?

A

20 weeks

37
Q

Where is insulin produced?

A

Beta cells in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans.
Most of the tail is made of these islets, while the body and head are a larger mixture of exocrine and endocrine cell functions

38
Q

what pancreatic cells produce what?

A

Alpha - glucagon
Best - Insulin
Delta - Somatostatin

39
Q

What are the acini of the pancreas

A

exocrine secretory units with no visible lumen

40
Q

what type of epithelium lines the pancreatic ducts?

A

simple columnar

41
Q

what does aldehyde fuchsin stain?

A

Beta cells of the pancreas blue

42
Q

What enzymes cleaves peptide bonds?

A

trypsin (active), chymotrypsin (inactive precursor), and elastase

43
Q

What enzymes cleave amino acids from their protein C-terminals

A

carboxypeptidase

44
Q

what proportion of the pancreas is exocrine (by mass)?

A

90-95%

45
Q

what is a zymogen

A

inactive precursor enzyme

46
Q

What is secretin released in response to?

A

Acid

47
Q

What is CCK released in response to?

A

Fats, Protein, and nervous input

48
Q

what stimulates HCO3- (bicarb) to be secreted

A

Secretin

49
Q

What do PP cells do and where are they?

A

Pancreatic islets of langerhans

opposite of CCK - relaxes gallbladder, stops enzyme secretion, stops bicarb secretion

G's Phase 1 (11 decks)

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