Public health

Question 1

What is a biological stress response

Answer 1

metabolic changes due to stress - endorphin levels

Question 2

what is a physiological stress response

Answer 2

physiological parameter is altered in response to stress e.g shallow breathing, high blood pressure

Question 3

what is an emotional stress response

Answer 3

emotional sign of stress - mood swings, tears, aggressive, apathetic

Question 4

what is a cognitive stress response

Answer 4

negative thoughts or concentration loss

Question 5

behavioral stress response examples?

Answer 5

going off grid, drugs, starving, overeating, sleep disturbances

Question 6

what is a positive affect

Answer 6

positive change in emotion eg becoming happy

Question 7

what might social stress response include

Answer 7

changes in: social relationships; participation in activities/work

Question 8

what is primary prevention

Answer 8

Prevention of disease in people who haven’t been diagnosed - includes health promotion

Question 9

high risk approach to prevention

Answer 9

targeting health promotion and disease prevention to groups based on epidemiology

Question 10

aim of population approach to screening

Answer 10

Aims to lower the level of risk in the population

Question 11

tertiary prevention

Answer 11

aims to reduce the impact of the disease through rehabilitation to improve quality of life

Question 12

what is the prevention paradox

Answer 12

majority of cases of a disease come from a population at low or moderate risk of that disease, and only a minority of cases come from the high risk population. This is because the number of people at high risk is small.
therefore better to prevent in the masses than target only high risk.

Question 13

what is absolute risk

Answer 13

risk of developing disease in a time period

Question 14

relative risk

Answer 14

risk of developing disease relative to an exposure

Question 15

what is incidence

Answer 15

the number of new cases in a population in a time period

Question 16

what is inverse care law

Answer 16

place with good care have fewer cases, while area’s with poor care have more cases. e.g poor community has substandard care for obesity while rich area has fewer obese people but all the health resources.

Question 17

what are some common global public health issues?

Answer 17

population growth 
low fertility 
information access
migration 
environmental changes

Question 18

leading causes of infant mortality in developing countries?

Answer 18

diarrhea
pneumonia
malaria

Question 19

recommended maximum alcohol intake in a week?

Answer 19

14 units

Question 20

what is a unit of alcohol

Answer 20

8g or 10ml of ethanol

Question 21

example of vehicle borne disease

Answer 21

cholera

Question 22

example of vector borne disease

Answer 22

malaria

Question 23

example of airborne disease

Answer 23

COVID

Question 24

extrinsic aging factors

Answer 24

UV, smoking, pollution, drugs

Question 25

what is eustress

Answer 25

positive stress that is motivating

Question 26

what is normal BMI

Answer 26

18.5-25

Question 27

what is obese BMI

Answer 27

>30 with 3 classes that increase every 5 points

Question 28

what is Prader Willi syndrome

Answer 28

missing chromosome 15 from dad | intellectually impaired and overeat

Question 29

what are the types of error

Answer 29

``` omission commission skill based knowledge based negligence ```

Question 30

what is an omission error

Answer 30

delaying required action or not doing it at all

Question 31

what is commission error

Answer 31

wrong action taken

Question 32

what is negligence error

Answer 32

omission errors that show a level of professional incompetency

Question 33

what are skills based errors

Answer 33

failure to perform due to distraction

Question 34

what is knowledge based error

Answer 34

failure due to lack of knowledge

Question 35

name some ethical theories

Answer 35

Utilitarianism Deontology Virtue ethics Kantianism

Question 36

explain utilitarianism in medicine

Answer 36

do what creates the greatest good and minimizes the most harm

Question 37

explain deontology

Answer 37

'do unto other as you would be done by' | do what is morally correct regardless of the consequences

Question 38

what are the 5 virtues of virtue ethics

Answer 38

``` Compassion Discernment (good judgement) Trustworthiness Integrity Conscientiousness (wanting to do a good job) ```

Question 39

deductive ethics is?

Answer 39

using one theory and applying it to all situations

Question 40

inductive approach to ethics?

Answer 40

using past medical events to build guides

Question 41

what is meta-ethics

Answer 41

explores the fundamental questions and big picture

Question 42

what are normative-ethics?

Answer 42

focusing on the ethics of individual actions

Question 43

what are applied ethics?

Answer 43

dealing with specific realms of action and creating criteria for discussing issues

Question 44

what type of ethical principal guides the GMC duties of a doctor?

Answer 44

deontology - doing what is right in the moment

Question 45

what is Kantianism

Answer 45

judges morality but it's adherence to rules and imperatives like do not kill do not steal.