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Question 1

What is the structure of nasopharynx?

Answer 1

3 nasal concha
3 meatus
4 sinuses

Question 2

what are the 4 sinuses

Answer 2

frontal
ethmoid
sphenoid
maxillary

Question 3

what are the 3 paired cartilages of the throat

Answer 3

arytenoid
corniculate
cuneiform

Question 4

what are the 3 unpaired cartilages of the larynx

Answer 4

epiglottis
thyroid
cricoid

Question 5

what type of cartilage is the epiglottis

Answer 5

elastic cartilage

Question 6

name the structures that make up the conducting airway

Answer 6

trachea
main bronchus
lobar bronchi
terminal bronchioles

Question 7

name the structures that make up the respiratory airway?

Answer 7

respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveolar sacs
alveoli

Question 8

what type of cells line the nostrils

Answer 8

keratinizing stratified squamous - becomes non stratified deeper

Question 9

what is respiratory epithelium

Answer 9

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

Question 10

what are glands of bowman

Answer 10

in the nasal roof secrete watery lubricant

Question 11

what structure makes the change in stratified squamous to respiratory epithelia

Answer 11

epiglottis

Question 12

what type of epithelia are on the true vocal chords

Answer 12

stratified squamous

Question 13

what type of epithelia are on the false vocal chords

Answer 13

ciliated columnar

Question 14

how is air pressure equalized across the lungs

Answer 14

small pores of Kohn allow pressure to equalize across alveolar sacs

Question 15

where in the respiratory tract does cartilage stop

Answer 15

terminal bronchioles

Question 16

what type of epithelium is in respiratory bronchioles

Answer 16

cuboidal

Question 17

what type of epithelium is in terminal bronchioles

Answer 17

ciliated columnar but not goblet cells

Question 18

what innervates peripheral chemoreceptors

Answer 18

glossopharyngeal

Question 19

what are peripheral chemoreceptors sensitive to

Answer 19

pO2 changes

Question 20

where are central chemoreceptors found

Answer 20

in the medulla oblongata

Question 21

how do central chemoreceptors detect changes in pCO2?

Answer 21

diffuses across the BBB and becomes carboxylic acid. Receptors are sensitive to H+ concentration

Question 22

what is the role of stretch receptors in the lung and what are they called

Answer 22

J receptors or C-fiber receptors respond to hyperinflation events and increase breathing rate - likely to also decrease volume

Question 23

what are the medullary centers of breathing

Answer 23

dorsal and ventral

Question 24

what are the pontine respiratory groups

Answer 24

apneustic and pneumotaxic

Question 25

what stimulates unconscious breathing

Answer 25

dorsal respiratory group

Question 26

what respiratory center causes forced expiration

Answer 26

ventral respiratory group of the medulla

Question 27

how do the pontine groups effect breathing

Answer 27

apneustic center stimulates breathing through the dorsal respiratory group of the medulla while pneumotaxic inhibits the apneustic to inhibit dorsal group stimulation

Question 28

where is ventilation perfusion ratio lowest

Answer 28

base of lung as blood pools making perfusion large and ventilation low

Question 29

where does ventilation exceed perfusion in the lung

Answer 29

apex

Question 30

what proportion of CO2 becomes carboxylic acid

Answer 30

60%

Question 31

how much greater is the flow in a tube when the radius is doubled

Answer 31

16X

Question 32

what is Laplace's law

Answer 32

2 * alveolar wall tension ------------------------ = transpulmonary pressure radius

Question 33

what is transpulmonary pressure

Answer 33

the pressure difference between alveoli and intrapleural pressure

Question 34

what is the alveolar gas equation

Answer 34

PAO2 = (FiO2*(Atmospheric pressure - PH2O)) - (PaCO2/RespQuotent) or PAO2 = (0.21*(760-47))-(PaCO2/0.8)

Question 35

what would happen to alveoli is surfactant were not present

Answer 35

collapse during expiration as surface tension increases

Question 36

what is tidal volume

Answer 36

regular breathing volume

Question 37

what is vital capacity

Answer 37

inspiratory reserve + tidal + expiratory reserve | deep breath then blow all the way out

Question 38

what is functional residual capacity

Answer 38

expiratory reserve volume + residual volume

Question 39

what is the anatomical dead space

Answer 39

air stuck in the conducting zone

Question 40

what is the physiological dead space

Answer 40

dead space in the conducting zones + alveolar dead space where there is poor perfusion

Question 41

what is normal FEV1/FVC

Answer 41

0.8

Question 42

what is the henderson-hasselbalch equation

Answer 42

determines pH based on pCO2 and concentration of bicarb

Question 43

what is hypercapnia

Answer 43

excess CO2

Question 44

what is Hypocapnia and its dangers

Answer 44

Low blood CO2 - shallow water death | hyperventilation blows off too much CO2 breathing reflex is nullified - causing syncope

Question 45

what are the receptors in airway smooth muscle and what do they do

Answer 45

M3 muscarinic - parasympathetic - constrict | B2 adreno - sympathetic - dilate

Question 46

what is type 1 hypersensitivity

Answer 46

IgE mediated (anaphylaxis, hayfever)

Question 47

What is type 2 hypersensitivity

Answer 47

Autoimmune, IgG binding to cell surface antigens

Question 48

Type 3 hypersensitivity

Answer 48

failure to clear antibodies from sites causing extra immune response

Question 49

type 4 hypersensitivity

Answer 49

T-Cell mediated formation of granulomas

Question 50

explain the anaphylaxis cascade

Answer 50

IgE activate mast cells to release histamine

Question 51

describe lung development

Answer 51

week 4-5 - respiratory diverticulum branches off foregut forms lungs and airways week 5-17 - development of conducting airway week 16-25 - capillaries, vasculature, and alveoli

Question 52

Describe Cystic Fibrosis

Answer 52

Autosomal Recessive Causes mutation to CFTR protein 1:25 carriers 1:2500 births