Neuro

Question 1

What does the frontal lobe control

Answer 1

Voluntary movement of contralateral side
Speech (dominant half)
Higher thought and personality

Question 2

Function of the temporal lobe

Answer 2

Language comprehension (from auditory signals) 
Long term memory

Question 3

Function of the parietal lobe

Answer 3

Sensory information - pain, pressure, taste, smell

Proprioception

Question 4

Function of the occipital lobe

Answer 4

Visual language comprehension

Colour determination

Question 5

What branches of the circle of Willis are given by the internal carotid

Answer 5

Anterior cerebral
Middle cerebral
Posterior communicating

Question 6

What forms the posterior cerebral arteries

Answer 6

Basilar artery

Question 7

What are the branches of the basilar artery

Answer 7

Pontine
Superior cerebellar
Anterior inferior cerebellar

Question 8

What supplies the Circle of Willis and their relative contribution levels

Answer 8

Vertebral (20%) 
Internal Carotid (80%)

Question 9

What supplies the Posterior inferior cerebellar artery

Answer 9

Vertebral Arteries

Question 10

What area of the brain is involved in speech production

Answer 10

Broca’s area

Question 11

What brain lesion would cause loss of right leg sensation and motor function

Answer 11

Left anterior cerebral artery

Question 12

A patient is unable to form words, where might a lesion have occurred?

Answer 12

Middle cerebral of the dominant side (supplies broca’s area)

Question 13

what are the unpaired sinuses of the brain

Answer 13

superior and inferior sagittal sinus

Question 14

what is the name of the big central division of the brain and what connects the sides

Answer 14

longitudinal fissure

corpus callosum

Question 15

What cranial nerve lesion causes left tongue deviation?

Answer 15

left hypoglossal

Question 16

what is the falx cerebri

Answer 16

invagination of dura matter into the longitudinal fissure

Question 17

what is the greater petrosal nerve

Answer 17

pre ganglionic lacrimal gland nerve

Question 18

which part of the optic tract forms the optic chiasm and what happens to vision when it is severed?

Answer 18

medial retina, loss of peripheral vision

Question 19

what is loss of lateral vision called?

Answer 19

bitemporal hemianopia

Question 20

what is quadrantanopia

Answer 20

loss of a quarter of vision

usually contralateral and homonymous - unless damage is direct to retina

Question 21

which part of the ear is fluid filled

Answer 21

inner ear

Question 22

what is the order of the small ear bones?

Answer 22

malleus, incus, stapes (out to in)

Question 23

how big is the tympanic membrane?

Answer 23

~1 cm

Question 24

what prevents loud sounds rupturing the tympanic membrane

Answer 24

tensor tympani

Question 25

which part of the ear is implicated in balance

Answer 25

semicircular canals

Question 26

what is the oval window?

Answer 26

allows vibrations to pass into the cochlea from the middle ear bones

Question 27

what is the role of the basal ganglia?

Answer 27

fine tunes movement through dampening of signaling

Question 28

From lateral to medial what are the structures of the basal ganglia?

Answer 28

``` Putamen External Globus Pallidus Internal Globus Pallidus Caudate nucleus (superior) Substantia nigra (at the bottom) ```

Question 29

What is the lentiform nucleus?

Answer 29

globus pallidus + putamen

Question 30

Striatum is the term for what 2 structures?

Answer 30

Caudate nucleus + putamen

Question 31

name a Hypokinetic disease and what changes bring it about

Answer 31

Parkinson's - breakdown of basal ganglia direct pathways promoting only indirect inhibitory pathways

Question 32

name and explain a hyperkinetic disorder

Answer 32

Huntington's - indirect inhibition pathway breakdown - movement not fine tuned

Question 33

what nerve palsy causes eyelid droop

Answer 33

III - oculomotor | also causes depression and abduction of eye (down out)

Question 34

how many orders of neurons are there in ascending and descending spinal tracts

Answer 34

4 up 2 down

Question 35

what are the ascending tracts

Answer 35

dorsal column medial lemniscus - cuneatus and gracilis spinothalamic spinocerebellar

Question 36

what are the descending spinal tracts

Answer 36

corticospinal corticobulbar Extra pyramidal tracts

Question 37

what is the difference between pyramidal and extrapyramidal tracts?

Answer 37

pyramidal do voluntary movement | extra do posture and muscle tone

Question 38

where does the DCML decussate

Answer 38

in the medulla

Question 39

what part of the DCML innervates the upper limbs

Answer 39

Fasciculus cuneatus

Question 40

what information does the DCML carry

Answer 40

fine touch, vibration, proprioception

Question 41

what does the anterior spinothalamic tract do

Answer 41

crude touch and pressure

Question 42

what does the lateral spinothalamic do

Answer 42

pain and temperature

Question 43

where does the spinothalamic decussate

Answer 43

Anterior white commissure of the spine

Question 44

what spinocerebellar do tho?

Answer 44

proprioception of trunk and limbs

Question 45

what are the divisions of spinocerebellar and their pathways

Answer 45

Dorsal - stays ipsilateral then decussates in the cerebellum to end up contralateral Ventral - Crosses over in the spinal does not cross again so stays contralateral

Question 46

corticospinal tract do what?

Answer 46

body muscles - pyramidal for voluntary movement

Question 47

what is the path of the corticospinal tract

Answer 47

90% decussates at the medulla | 10% stays ipsilateral

Question 48

What tract lesion would cause facial paralysis

Answer 48

corticobulbar

Question 49

does the corticobulbar tract decussate

Answer 49

yes but only 50% of fibers do

Question 50

what are the 4 extra pyramidal tracts and which decussate and which don't

Answer 50

vestibulospinal reticulospinal (both have i in them so they are ipsilateral) rubrospinal and tectospinal - contralateral/decussates

Question 51

hemisection of the spine causes loss of what on which side

Answer 51

ipsilateral loss of : fine touch, vibration, proprioception, and movement contralateral loss of: crude touch, pain, and temperature

Question 52

difference between alpha and gamma motor neurons

Answer 52

alpha is a choice | gamma is reflex

Question 53

What prevents muscle overstretching

Answer 53

Intrafusal muscle fibers containing gamma motor neurons, type 1a, and type 2 sensory fibers for monitoring length and rate of change type 1a cause contraction of muscle type 2 cause relaxation of antagonist muscle

Question 54

what type of sensory fibers are found on tendons

Answer 54

type 1b

Question 55

what is the role of golgi tendon organs

Answer 55

prevent over contraction by inhibiting muscle and contracting antagonist

Question 56

what is the myotatic reflex

Answer 56

Prevention of overstretching through type 1a fibers causing contraction and type 2 fibers causing relaxation of antagonist

Question 57

what is responsible for inverse myotatic reflex

Answer 57

golgi tendon organs

Question 58

what is the resting potential of axons

Answer 58

-70mV

Question 59

what is the potential of the ECF

Answer 59

0mV

Question 60

how is a negative resting potential achieved

Answer 60

active transport swaps 2K+ from out with 3Na+ from in leading to loss of positive ions

Question 61

basal ganglia excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters

Answer 61

E: Glutamate I: GABA

Question 62

basic basal ganglia pathway centers around what

Answer 62

internal globus pallidus inhibiting the thalamus through GABA hyperpolarization either inhibited by the striatum - direct excited by inhibition of EGP causing subthalamic nuclei to stimulate IGP - indirect