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G's Phase 1 > Neuro > Flashcards

Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

What does the frontal lobe control

A

Voluntary movement of contralateral side
Speech (dominant half)
Higher thought and personality

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2
Q

Function of the temporal lobe

A 
Language comprehension (from auditory signals) 
Long term memory
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3
Q

Function of the parietal lobe

A

Sensory information - pain, pressure, taste, smell

Proprioception

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4
Q

Function of the occipital lobe

A

Visual language comprehension

Colour determination

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5
Q

What branches of the circle of Willis are given by the internal carotid

A

Anterior cerebral
Middle cerebral
Posterior communicating

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6
Q

What forms the posterior cerebral arteries

A

Basilar artery

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7
Q

What are the branches of the basilar artery

A

Pontine
Superior cerebellar
Anterior inferior cerebellar

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8
Q

What supplies the Circle of Willis and their relative contribution levels

A 
Vertebral (20%) 
Internal Carotid (80%)
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9
Q

What supplies the Posterior inferior cerebellar artery

A

Vertebral Arteries

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10
Q

What area of the brain is involved in speech production

A

Broca’s area

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11
Q

What brain lesion would cause loss of right leg sensation and motor function

A

Left anterior cerebral artery

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12
Q

A patient is unable to form words, where might a lesion have occurred?

A

Middle cerebral of the dominant side (supplies broca’s area)

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13
Q

what are the unpaired sinuses of the brain

A

superior and inferior sagittal sinus

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14
Q

what is the name of the big central division of the brain and what connects the sides

A

longitudinal fissure

corpus callosum

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15
Q

What cranial nerve lesion causes left tongue deviation?

A

left hypoglossal

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16
Q

what is the falx cerebri

A

invagination of dura matter into the longitudinal fissure

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17
Q

what is the greater petrosal nerve

A

pre ganglionic lacrimal gland nerve

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18
Q

which part of the optic tract forms the optic chiasm and what happens to vision when it is severed?

A

medial retina, loss of peripheral vision

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19
Q

what is loss of lateral vision called?

A

bitemporal hemianopia

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20
Q

what is quadrantanopia

A

loss of a quarter of vision

usually contralateral and homonymous - unless damage is direct to retina

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21
Q

which part of the ear is fluid filled

A

inner ear

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22
Q

what is the order of the small ear bones?

A

malleus, incus, stapes (out to in)

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23
Q

how big is the tympanic membrane?

A

~1 cm

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24
Q

what prevents loud sounds rupturing the tympanic membrane

A

tensor tympani

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25
Q

which part of the ear is implicated in balance

A

semicircular canals

26
Q

what is the oval window?

A

allows vibrations to pass into the cochlea from the middle ear bones

27
Q

what is the role of the basal ganglia?

A

fine tunes movement through dampening of signaling

28
Q

From lateral to medial what are the structures of the basal ganglia?

A 
Putamen 
External Globus Pallidus 
Internal Globus Pallidus 
Caudate nucleus (superior) 
Substantia nigra (at the bottom)
29
Q

What is the lentiform nucleus?

A

globus pallidus + putamen

30
Q

Striatum is the term for what 2 structures?

A

Caudate nucleus + putamen

31
Q

name a Hypokinetic disease and what changes bring it about

A

Parkinson’s - breakdown of basal ganglia direct pathways promoting only indirect inhibitory pathways

32
Q

name and explain a hyperkinetic disorder

A

Huntington’s - indirect inhibition pathway breakdown - movement not fine tuned

33
Q

what nerve palsy causes eyelid droop

A

III - oculomotor

also causes depression and abduction of eye (down out)

34
Q

how many orders of neurons are there in ascending and descending spinal tracts

A

4 up 2 down

35
Q

what are the ascending tracts

A

dorsal column medial lemniscus - cuneatus and gracilis
spinothalamic
spinocerebellar

36
Q

what are the descending spinal tracts

A

corticospinal
corticobulbar
Extra pyramidal tracts

37
Q

what is the difference between pyramidal and extrapyramidal tracts?

A

pyramidal do voluntary movement

extra do posture and muscle tone

38
Q

where does the DCML decussate

A

in the medulla

39
Q

what part of the DCML innervates the upper limbs

A

Fasciculus cuneatus

40
Q

what information does the DCML carry

A

fine touch, vibration, proprioception

41
Q

what does the anterior spinothalamic tract do

A

crude touch and pressure

42
Q

what does the lateral spinothalamic do

A

pain and temperature

43
Q

where does the spinothalamic decussate

A

Anterior white commissure of the spine

44
Q

what spinocerebellar do tho?

A

proprioception of trunk and limbs

45
Q

what are the divisions of spinocerebellar and their pathways

A

Dorsal - stays ipsilateral then decussates in the cerebellum to end up contralateral
Ventral - Crosses over in the spinal does not cross again so stays contralateral

46
Q

corticospinal tract do what?

A

body muscles - pyramidal for voluntary movement

47
Q

what is the path of the corticospinal tract

A

90% decussates at the medulla

10% stays ipsilateral

48
Q

What tract lesion would cause facial paralysis

A

corticobulbar

49
Q

does the corticobulbar tract decussate

A

yes but only 50% of fibers do

50
Q

what are the 4 extra pyramidal tracts and which decussate and which don’t

A

vestibulospinal
reticulospinal
(both have i in them so they are ipsilateral)
rubrospinal and tectospinal - contralateral/decussates

51
Q

hemisection of the spine causes loss of what on which side

A

ipsilateral loss of :
fine touch, vibration, proprioception, and movement
contralateral loss of:
crude touch, pain, and temperature

52
Q

difference between alpha and gamma motor neurons

A

alpha is a choice

gamma is reflex

53
Q

What prevents muscle overstretching

A

Intrafusal muscle fibers containing gamma motor neurons, type 1a, and type 2 sensory fibers for monitoring length and rate of change
type 1a cause contraction of muscle
type 2 cause relaxation of antagonist muscle

54
Q

what type of sensory fibers are found on tendons

A

type 1b

55
Q

what is the role of golgi tendon organs

A

prevent over contraction by inhibiting muscle and contracting antagonist

56
Q

what is the myotatic reflex

A

Prevention of overstretching through type 1a fibers causing contraction and type 2 fibers causing relaxation of antagonist

57
Q

what is responsible for inverse myotatic reflex

A

golgi tendon organs

58
Q

what is the resting potential of axons

A

-70mV

59
Q

what is the potential of the ECF

A

0mV

60
Q

how is a negative resting potential achieved

A

active transport swaps 2K+ from out with 3Na+ from in leading to loss of positive ions

61
Q

basal ganglia excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

E: Glutamate
I: GABA

62
Q

basic basal ganglia pathway centers around what

A

internal globus pallidus inhibiting the thalamus through GABA hyperpolarization

either inhibited by the striatum - direct
excited by inhibition of EGP causing subthalamic nuclei to stimulate IGP - indirect

G's Phase 1 (11 decks)

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