Weaknesses

Question 1

What are the layers of the epidermis. Which layer contains melanocytes?

Answer 1

Stratum Corneum 
Stratum Lucidum 
Stratum Granulosum 
Stratum Spinosum 
Stratum Basale - contains melanocytes 
Dermis

Question 2

What tasks are Instrumental Activities of Daily Living?

Answer 2

Managing Medication 
Using telephone 
Doing a food shop 
Transport 
Managing finances 
Clean your house

Question 3

What are the order of blood vessels in the kidney?

Answer 3

Renal 
Segmental 
Interlobar 
Arcuate 
Interlobular
Afferent 
Efferent

Question 4

Theoretical model of behavior change order

Answer 4

Precontemplation 
Contemplation 
Preparation 
Action 
Maintenance

Question 5

What is Barrett’s Oesophagus

Answer 5

Where the epithelia changes near where the stomach starts. Stratified Squamous > Simple Columnar

Question 6

What is the Wilson and Jugner criteria and what are they?

Answer 6

Criteria for if a screening initiative should take place.

• Understand the the disease
• Cost effective with benefits
• Treatment guidance is pre-laid out
• Test should be acceptable to patients

Question 7

What is the action of Allopurinol?

Answer 7

Blocks xanthine oxidase

Question 8

How are purines processed?

Answer 8

Xanthine oxidase converts

Purine > Xanthine + Uric acid

Question 9

What week for the lung buds enlarge to form the main bronchi?

Answer 9

Week 5

Question 10

What is utilitarianism?

Answer 10

Providing maximum benefits and balancing them with the risks

Question 11

What arteries supply the pancreas?

Answer 11

Superior and Inferior pancreatoduodenal and the splenic

Question 12

What is the number needed to treat?

Answer 12

Number of individuals who have to undergo treatment for just 1 of them to get better

Question 13

What shape are osteoblasts?

Answer 13

Cuboidal

Question 14

How many layers does oxygen pass through in the alveoli

Answer 14

4 or 7 depending on how you group things

Question 15

What layer difference differentiates arteries and veins.

Answer 15

Veins lack external elastic lamina

Question 16

What enzyme is the rate limiting step of the urea cycle?

Answer 16

Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I

Question 17

What is Campers Facia?

Answer 17

superficial layer of fat on the abdomen and upper thighs

Question 18

What type of jaundice is Gilberts syndrome

Answer 18

Pre-hepatic despite being a problem with the glucuronosyltransferase enzyme, as it is a build up on unconjugated bilirubin.

Question 19

What is Secondary prevention?

Answer 19

to detect disease early for treatment

Question 20

What enzyme converts Isocitrate to a-Ketoglutarate

Answer 20

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

Question 21

What enzyme converts Citrate to Isocitrate?

Answer 21

Aconitase

Question 22

Name all the things in the Krebs cycle

Answer 22

Acetyl-CoA 
Citrate 
Isocitrate 
Alpha-Ketoglutarate
Succinyl-CoA
Succinate 
Fumarate
Malate   
Oxaloacetate

Question 23

What is the function of the Hippocampus

Answer 23

Converts short term memories to long term memories.

Dysfunction in Alzheimer’s

Question 24

Describe the spirometry changes in asthma

Answer 24

FVC FEV1 Both decrease

FEV1 decreases more than FVC so ratio also goes down.

Question 25

When is progesterone produced in the mensural cycle and what stimulates it?

Answer 25

Produced by the corpus luteum after ovulation. | Therefore increasing in the luteal phase.

Question 26

How is relative risk difference calculated?

Answer 26

Find absolute risk difference (high risk-low risk) then divide by the low risk. convert to %.

Question 27

What part of adipose tissue breakdown can be used for gluconeogenesis?

Answer 27

Glycerol

Question 28

What cells lineage give rise to osteoblasts?

Answer 28

Mesenchymal stem cells

Question 29

How is insulin released by beta cells?

Answer 29

``` Glucose enters through GLUT2 ATP is produced ATP gated K+ channels get blocked Membrane polarizes Voltage gated calcium channels open Calcium catalyzes exocytosis of vesicles ```

Question 30

What organelle digests proteins?

Answer 30

Lysosomes

Question 31

Where is mRNA synthesized?

Answer 31

Nucleus

Question 32

What is the function of the Nucleolus?

Answer 32

rRNA synthesis of new ribosomes

Question 33

What is the role of arachnoid granulations?

Answer 33

Drain CSF from the subarachnoid space into the subdural space (where venous drainage is)

Question 34

What produces CSF?

Answer 34

choroid plexus - ependymal cells

Question 35

What role do ATP and ADP play in muscle contraction?

Answer 35

ATP must attach for the myosin head to detach it from the actin. ATP hydrolysis is required to reset the myosin head. ADP + Pi is displaced by the power stroke.

Question 36

What is the name of the surface point the appendix can be found?

Answer 36

Mcburney's point

Question 37

What are the Pyramidal tracts?

Answer 37

Rubrospinal Vestibulospinal Reticulospinal Tectospinal

Question 38

What are the extra pyramidal tracts?

Answer 38

Corticospinal -lateral.........muscle tone and fine motor -anterior......muscle tone and trunk muscles Corticobulbar -muscles of the head and neck

Question 39

What is the resting and threshold potential of: Neurons Myocytes

Answer 39

Neurons: -70, -55 Myocytes: -90, -~70

Question 40

What are osteoclasts derived from?

Answer 40

Hematopoietic stem cells

Question 41

What is FGF-23’s role

Answer 41

Prevents reabsorption of bone