Global Final Flashcards
(135 cards)
1
Q
geography of japan
A
- mountainous
- on an archipelago
- lack of natural resources
- close to china and korea
- in the ring of fire
2
Q
archipelago
A
a group of islands
3
Q
how did japan’s geography affect the culture
A
terrace farming, shintoism developed because of the fear of nature, cultural borrowing from china, having korea be a cultural bridge
4
Q
japan feudalism legal code
A
buschido
5
Q
what is the code of buschido
A
code of conduct for samurai warriors, needed to protect the shogun (military leader), honor, loyalty, courage
6
Q
japanese feudal pyramid
A
Emperor
Shogun
Daimyo
Samurai
Peasants
Artisans
Merchants
7
Q
what does the emperor do in japan
A
hels highest rank in society but had no political power
8
Q
shogun
A
supreme military commander, had the most power
9
Q
daimyo
A
great warrior lords, large landowners
10
Q
samurai
A
lesser warriors loyal to daimyo, heavily armed and trained in skills of fighting, if their daimyo died they would become ronin
11
Q
peasants in japan
A
75% of population, backbone of feudal society, farmers, occasionally soldiers
12
Q
merchants in japan
A
japan value people who make things and work hard, they don’t own anything, lowest status but gradually gained influence
13
Q
rome geography
A
- on a peninsula
- in the mediterranean sea
- plains good for farming
14
Q
peninsula
A
land surrounded by water on three sides
15
Q
how rome’s geography affects the culture
A
- fertile land for agriculture
- able to grow a successful empire
- a large population
- on the mediterranean sea which is good for trade, and a food resource
16
Q
roman legal code
A
twelve tables, “innocent until proven guilty”
17
Q
what was the legal code in the middle ages
A
chivalry
18
Q
what was the economy and government like in the middle ages
A
people lived in self-sufficient manors, there wasn’t trade, decentralized government with several kings
19
Q
why did people need protection during the middle ages
A
germanic tribes like the goths were invading
20
Q
feudal pyramid during the middle ages
A
king
nobles/lords
knights/vassals
peasants
21
Q
fief
A
a piece of land granted by a lord to a vassal in exchange for military service
22
Q
the crusades
A
a series of religious wars between christians and muslims
launched by european christians to capture the holy land, especially jerusalem, from muslim control after the byzantine emperor asked for help
23
Q
causes of the crusades
A
- christians wanted to reclaim jerusalem
- the pope wanted to unite europe under christianity and increase his authority
- some people hoped to gain land in riches, and some for an adventure
24
Q
effects of the crusades
A
- cultural diffusion between muslims and christians
- trade between europe and the middle east
- they were re-exposed to greek and roman knowledge, and new ideas from the muslim world
- eventually led to the renaissance
25
how did the byzantine empire begin
emperor constantine moved the capital from rome to byzantium and renamed in constantinople
26
when was the byzantine golden age
during the reign of justinian
27
what does justinian do
tries to reunite the roman empire, builds the hagia sophia, and creates justinian's code
28
great schism
christianity splits into roman catholic (west) and eastern orthodox (east)
29
how does the byzantine empire end
the ottoman turks capture constantinople
30
constantine the great
first christian emperor, founded constantinople
31
theodora
justinian's wife, helped with politics
32
justinian's code
a collection of roman laws, organized and simplified by justinian
33
hagia sophia
a massive, beautiful church in constantinople
34
what is the geography of greece
mountainous, archipelago, on the mediterranean sea
35
how does greece's geography affect the culture
- mountains divided the city-states
- little farming because there isn't much fertile land
- lots of olives and grapes
- gets fish from the mediterranean sea
36
differences between athens and sparta
athens: lots of trade, coastal, education
sparta: no trade, competitive, focused on having a strong military
37
daoism
nature, go with the flow, less government involvement, not used by any dynasty
38
legalism
people are more likely to do wrong if there aren't strict rules, harsh punishments, little reward
39
where was there legalism
qin dynasty
40
who ruled the qin dynasty
shi huangdi, the first ruler of china
41
confucianism
- 5 relationships, superior to inferior
- filial piety
- civil service exam
- most followed by dynasties
42
filial piety
respect for elders
43
civil service exam
a system used to recruit government officials that allow individuals from any class to enter the bureaucracy by demonstrating their knowledge and skills
44
gentry
educated, wealthy scholars and landowners who earned their status through success on the civil service exams
45
mandate of heaven
heaven gives emperors the divine right to rule, but only as long as they rule justly and wisely
if a ruler becomes corrupt or cruel, heaven will withdraw the mandate and the ruler can be overthrown
46
dynastic cycle
the pattern by which chinese dynasties rose, ruled, declined, and were replaced by a new dynasty
47
tang and song dynasty accomplishments
many inventions during golden age
- gunpowder
- paper money
- movable type printing
48
mongols geography
lived on a steppe, made the mongols expert horse riders
flat open terrain helped them attack and they used it as a military strategy
climate is harsh and extreme - they became very tough
farming is difficult so they are nomads, live in portable yurts that are easy to pack up and move
49
genghis khan (temujin)
united the mongol tribes and became their supreme leader
founded the mongol empire, the largest land empire in history
famous for his military genius and brutal tactics
50
pax mongolica
a period of relative peace and stability across the mongol empire
- the mongols secured and protected trade routes like the silk road
- allowed safe passage for merchants, travelers, and ideas
- resulted in cultural diffusion and increased trade
51
yuan dynasty
- established by kublai khan (genghis khan's grandson)
- marked the first time china was ruled by a foreign power (mongols)
- combined mongol and chinese traditions
- ended when the ming dynasty overthrew the mongols
52
caste system
people are born into groups ranked in a pyramid that defines their social status, opportunities, and interactions
53
when can you move up in the caste system
when you reincarnate
54
untouchables
below the caste system, did all of the dirty work for everybody else
55
was there cultural diffusion in hinduism
no
56
how do you move up the caste system
by doing your dharma and getting good karma
57
what is the ultimate reality in hinduism
moksha
58
moksha
freedom from the cycle of rebirth in hinduism
59
brahma
the creator deity, responsible for bringing the universe into existemce
60
when do you stop reincarnating in hinduism
when you reach moksha
61
who founded buddhism
siddhartha gautama
62
main idea of buddhism
life is full of suffering, overcome it by following the eightfold path and the 4 noble truths
63
when do you stop reincarnating in buddhism
nirvana
64
nirvana
the ideal state where there isn't suffering or desire
65
what are the differences between hinduism and buddhism
nirvana vs moksha
buddhism rejects caste system
cultural diffusion in buddhism
66
is there cultural diffusion in buddhism
yes
67
what are the two important islamic empires
umayyad and abbasid
68
founder of islam
muhammad, born in mecca
69
what do muslims believe muhammad is
the last prophet of god
70
the quran
the holy book that is believed to be the word of allah as revealed to muhammad
71
what are the major beliefs of islam
the five pillars
72
caliph
the political and religious leader of the islamic community after muhammad's death
controversy over who should lead after muhammad caused the sunni-shiite split
73
sunni
any qualified muslim can be caliph
74
shiite
only descendants of muhammad can lead
75
accomplishments of islamic empires
- invented algebra and advanced astronomy
- preserved and translate greek and roman texts
- built libraries and universities (like the house of wisdom in baghdad)
- beautiful mosques and domes
76
umayyad empire
capital - damascus
religion: sunni
overthrown by the abbasids
77
abbasid empire
capital - baghdad
religion: sunni (but more inclusive of non-arabs)
invaded by mongols
78
ancient mesopotamian god of the sun
shamash
79
hammurabi
king of babylon
80
hammurabi's code
- hammurabi gets this code from shamash
- eye for an eye
81
what does eye for an eye mean
the punishment for a crime should match the offense as closely as possible in severity
social status plays a role, if a noble harmed a slave the punishment wouldn't be as severe
82
gold-salt trade
a major trade network during the middle ages
83
where was the gold-salt trade
it connected north africa (especially the sahara desert region) with west african kingdoms like ghana, mali, and songhai
84
why was salt so valuable
it was needed to preserve food and was essential for human health
85
impact of the gold-salt trade
- led to the rise of powerful empires in west africa
- helped spread islam
- encouraged cultural diffusion and the growth of cities and education (timbuktu)
86
mansa musa
emperor of the mali empire, best known as one of the richest people in history
87
how did mansa musa rule mali
- under mansa musa, mali became one of the largest and wealthiest empires in the world at the time
- mali had huge gold mines, and mansa musa controlled them
- he had so much gold that he could afford to give it away
88
mansa musa's hajj (pilgrimage to mecca)
- he brought about 60,000 people with him
- he gave out so much gold it caused inflation
- built mosques, schools, and libraries in mali
- helped turn timbuktu into a center of learning and trade
89
the sahel
a narrow strip of land that forms a transition zone between the sahara desert and the savannas
90
desertification
the process by which fertile land turns into desert, soil loses nutrients, becomes dry, and less able to support crops or vegetation
91
the age of exploration
a period when european countries began exploring the world by sea
they wanted to find new trade routes, discover new lands, and gain wealth and power
92
causes of the age of exploration
- prince henry in portugal sponsored trips along the west african coast to find gold, slaves, and a sea route to asia
- portugal wanted spices from southeast asia
- overland trade routes were controlled by the ottoman empire who taxe european traders heavily, so portugal looked for a direct sea route
93
what happened after portugal's success
spain didn't want to fall behind in the race for wealth and land
- spain also wanted asian spices and riches
- instead of going around africa, they tried to sail west, and columbus believed he could reach asia by crossing the atlantic
- christopher columbus found the "new world"
94
what did europeans force native americans to do
work, especially in mines and plantations, since they had claimed the land
goal was to spread christianity
95
encomienda system
spanish settlers were given land and the right to use the labor of the americans, in exchange, the spanish promised to protect them and convert them to christianity
in reality it was very abusive
96
as native populations died what did europeans do
brought millions of enslave africans to the americas to work on plantations
97
what did the african slave trade start
a triangle trade between europe (goods), africa (slaves), an the americas (cash crops like sugar and tobacco)
98
geography of mayan civilization
geography - located in the yucatán peninsula, a region with dense tropical rainforests, rivers, and swamps
poor soil fertility, they used slash and burn agriculture
use terrace farming
99
chichen itza
one of the largest and most important mayan cities
100
mayan religion
polytheistic
101
aztec geography
on an island, built chinampas (floating gardens)
102
aztec religion
polytheistic, sacrificed humans so that the sun would rise
103
inca geography
the andes mountains, used terrace farming, irrigation canals, and road systems
104
what did the incas build
a massive road system that connected the whole empire
105
inca writing
no formal writing, but use quipus as a record-keeping tool
106
quipu
set of knotted strings used to record information, especially numbers and data
107
aristocracy
rule by the wealthy or noble class
108
bureaucracy
a system where government jobs are divided into departments run by officials
109
public works projects
large construction projects done by the government for the public
110
social mobility
the ability to move up or down in social class
111
ethnocentrism
believing your culture is better than others
112
sedentary lifestyle
living in one place (not nomadic); farming societies often lived this way
113
the axial age
a period when many major religions and philosophies developed (like confucianism, buddhism etc)
114
era of warring states
a time in ancient china when different states were constantly fighting before unification under the qin dynasty
115
commercial revolution
a time of major economic change in europe with more trade, banking, and money
116
humanism
renaissance idea focusing on human potential, achievements, and studying classical texts
117
analects
a collection of sayings by confucius
118
archaeologist
a person who studies the past by digging up artifacts and ruins
119
autocracy
a government ruled by one person with absolute power
120
bronze age
a time when people used bronze tools and weapons (after the stone age, before the iron age)
121
clergy
religious leaders like priests or monks
122
cuneiform
one of the first writing systems, used in mesopotamia
123
diaspora
the scattering of a group of people from their homelands
124
excommunication
being officially kicked out of the catholic church
125
favorable balance of trade
when a country exports more than it imports
126
fertile crescent
a rich farming area in the middle east, where early civilizations began
127
irrigation
moving water to farms through channels or ditches
128
joint-stock corporation
a business where many investors buy shares to fund large projects, like overseas trade
129
oligarchy
a government ruled by a small group of powerful people
130
plebeian
a common person in ancient rome (not a noble or a patrician)
131
rosetta stone
a stone that helped historians decode egyptian hieroglyphics
132
absolutism
a political system where one single ruler has complete, unrestricted power and authority over a country
this ruler isn't limited by any laws, constitution, or other body that could challenge their desicions
133
divine right
the belief that a ruler's power comes directly from god
134
theocracy
religion and government tied together
135
mercantilism
they get the cotton, but they can't sell it to someone that isn't their mother country
the mother country makes all the cloth, and then sells it back to the colonies or to other nations
