GU 1-Inguinal Canal and Male External Genitalia

Question 1

what is the inguinal canal

Answer 1

oblique passageway through the muscles of the anterior abdominal wall and lies superior to the medial half of the inguinal ligament

Question 2

apox how long is inguinal canal (cm)

Answer 2

5

Question 3

where does the inguinal canal extend from and reach to

Answer 3

deep inguinal ring –> superficial inguinal ring

Question 4

the deep inguinal ring is an aperture in the _______ _____

Answer 4

transversalis fascia

Question 5

the superficial inguinal ring is an aperture in the ______ _____ aponeurosis

Answer 5

external oblique aponeurosis

Question 6

what Is the anterior border of the inguinal canal

Answer 6

-External oblique aponeurosis
-Laterally only: internal oblique aponeurosis

Question 7

what is the posterior border of the inguinal canal

Answer 7

-Transversalis fascia
-Medially only: medial fibres of the aponeuroses of the internal oblique and transversus abdominis (together = the conjoint tendon).

Question 8

what is the roof border of the inguinal canal

Answer 8

-Transversalis fascia
-Arching fibres of the internal oblique and transversus abdominis

Question 9

what is the floor border of the inguinal canal

Answer 9

Inguinal ligament

Question 10

what are the contents of the inguinal canal in women

Answer 10

1. Round ligament of the uterus
2. Ilioinguinal nerve
3. Genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve.

Question 11

what are the contents o the inguinal canal in males

Answer 11

-all contained in the spermatic cord excluding the illiolinugal nerve

Inside the cord

-Testicular artery
- Cremasteric artery
- Artery to the vas deferens

-External spermatic fascia
- Cremaster muscle and fascia
-Internal spermatic fascia

-Pampiniform venous plexus
-lymphatics
-Vas deferens
- Processus vaginalis

-Genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve
-Sympathetic nerve fibres

Question 12

What is the difference between males and females inguinal canal

Answer 12

males have a spermatic cord and women have an round ligament

Question 13

Describe a hernia

Answer 13

abnormal protrusion of tissues or organs from one region into another through an opening or defector

Question 14

Describe and inguinal hernia

Answer 14

protrusion of abdominal contents through the anterior abdominal wall into the inguinal canal

Question 15

describe an indirect inguinal hernia

Answer 15

intra-abdominal contents are forced through deep and possibly superficial ring along the canal

Question 16

what is the risk of an indirect inguinal hernia

Answer 16

herniated tissues may become strangulated and therefore ischaemic requiring immediate surgery

Question 17

Describe a direct inguinal hernia

Answer 17

intra-abdominal contents are forced through posterior inguinal canal wall (transversalis fascia) and directly through the superficial ring

Question 18

Just beneath the superficial fascia of scrotum is which muscle, and is it involuntary of in voluntary

Answer 18

dartos, involuntary

Question 19

what does each half of the scrotum contain

Answer 19

testis, epididymis and lower spermatic cord.

Question 20

what sex hormone do the testes secrete

Answer 20

testosterone

Question 21

what are the names of the 3 fascia the cover the testes from most superior to deep

Answer 21

external spermatic fascia
cremator fascia
internal spermatic fascia

Question 22

which sac partially covered the scrotum

Answer 22

tunica vaginalis

Question 23

what is the epididymis and what is stored in it

Answer 23

coiled tube on posterior border of each testes

storing spermatozoa

Question 24

The vas deferens carries sperm from the _______ and travels with the testicular vessels in the spermatic cord.

Answer 24

epididymis

Question 25

The testicular arteries are direct branches of the ______ ______

Answer 25

abdominal aorta

Question 26

Venous blood from the testis and epididymis enters the _______ venous plexus

Answer 26

pampiniform

Question 27

The right testicular vein enters the _____ ______ ____. The left testicular vein joins the left _____ ______.

Answer 27

inferior vena cave (directly) left renal vein (then IVC)

Question 28

describe Hydrocoele

Answer 28

painless accumulation of peritoneal fluid between the layers of the tunica vaginalis around the testis diagnosed due to the swelling being transilluminated (light being shone through)

Question 29

Describe Varicocele

Answer 29

abnormal dilation of pampiniform venous plexus

Question 30

why is a Varicocele more common in the left

Answer 30

left testicular vein drains into the left renal vein before it drains into the inferior vena cava

Question 31

Describe Epididymo-orchitis

Answer 31

-painful inflammation of the epididymis and testis -young usually caused by STI -older usually UTI

Question 32

Describe testicular torsion

Answer 32

-very painful twisting of the testis on the spermatic cord -can lead to testicular ischaemia -untreated can cause testicle to become necrotic and lost

Question 33

Describe Cryptorchidism

Answer 33

-undescended testes -

Question 34

in what place during foetal development do the testes develop

Answer 34

inguinal canal

Question 35

why wouldn't spermatogenesis occur in undefended tested

Answer 35

requires specific temperatures (below core) and in the inguinal canal it would be core temp

Question 36

what 2 fluids does the penile urethra carry

Answer 36

semen and urine

Question 37

what are the three cylinders of erectile tissue

Answer 37

two corpora cavernosa dorsally one corpus spongiosum ventrally

Question 38

The end of the penis is called the and is an expansion of the corpus ________.

Answer 38

glans spongiosum

Question 39

The penile urethra (which carries urine and semen) lies within the corpus ______

Answer 39

spongiosum

Question 40

The urethra approaches the end of the penis and opens via the external urethral ______.

Answer 40

meatus

Question 41

The penile arteries branch from the internal pudendal arteries, which themselves branch from the _______ ______ arteries.

Answer 41

internal iliac

Question 42

The nerve supply to the penis is from the S_ to S_ nerves

Answer 42

2-4

Question 43

Parasympathetic nerve fibres (responsible for causing erection by dilating the arteries of the corpora) arise from the ______-_____ nerve plexus.

Answer 43

peri-prostatic

Question 44

The corpora _______ are primarily responsible for the increase in size and rigidity of the penis during an erection

Answer 44

cavernosa

Question 45

During sexual arousal, arterial blood flow into the corpora of the penis increases, so the corpora become engorged with blood. Which corpora receives most the blood

Answer 45

cevernosa

Question 46

what is the main role of the corpus spongiosum during erection

Answer 46

preventing urethra being compressed so semen may flow

Question 47

The inguinal canal is a potential weakness in the anterior abdominal wall. What factors normally prevent herniation of the abdominal contents through the inguinal canal?

Answer 47

* The criss-crossing orientation of the muscle fibres of the abdominal wall. * The oblique orientation of the canal.

Question 48

Which nerves provide sensory innervation to the scrotal skin?

Answer 48

* The anterior 1/3 of the scrotum is supplied by the ilioinguinal nerve (from L1). * The posterior 2/3 is supplied by the pudendal nerve (from S2, S3, S4)

Question 49

Testicular pain may radiate to the lower abdomen and loin. Why?

Answer 49

* The nociceptive (pain sensation) nerve fibres to the testis are sympathetic and follow testicular artery from the aortic sympathetic plexus which is formed from the T11 + T12 nerve roots. Pain is felt in the distribution of the cutaneous nerve of these dermatomes as a referred pain